• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate silicate-silicious in spring water and ground water. Samples were collected from 23 Stations of spring water and 2 Stations of ground water from August 1985 to July 1990 in Pusan area. Range and mean value of silicate-silicious of spring water and ground water were lower 2.12~22.70mg/l, 8.78mg/l, 13.90~19.05mg/l, 16.23mg/l than the criterion for drinking water as 50rng/l. The concentration of silicate-silicious had a great influence on precipitation, therefore it in summer was higher than in winter. The estimated regression line between chloride ion(x) and silicate-silicious(y) of the sampled water was y=19.366-0.604x(r=-0.7111).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4257-4260
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• 2011

Hot spring water is underground water which naturally flows out to the earth's surface or is drilled for artificially and the water temperature should be higher than the region's average temperature for the year or underground water temperature of the earth's shallow strata of the region. Our nation stipulates that hot spring can be called if it is over $25^{\circ}C$. Generally, it is widely know that hot spring water has an effect on blood circulation, pain alleviation, soothing, and skin care and that its efficacy is mainly due to water temperature and a variety of minerals contained in water. The Onyang springs are the oldest spring district in our country and one of the most typical hot springs in this country. The current study found that there's no skin irritation through the skin irritation test applying hot spring water to cosmetic formulas, and that products using Onyang hot spring water showed an increase of 8.56% in epidermal water rate and a decrease of -67.74% in relative transepidermal water loss(TEWL), which indicates that cosmetics using Onyang hot spring water has an effecton skin improvement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.1095-1099
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• 2009

In general, slope failures are occurred by the interaction among various factors(slope shape, hydraulic condition, and geologic condition, etc.). Hydraulic condition was a very important factor of a stability in cut slope and a dangerous of road passing. In this study, two cut-slope case on prescription of spring out water present. And this study data is used at practical affairs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1988

Natural mineral water is generally quite different from ordinary drinking water due to its original nature and various properties. The complexity of natural mineral water requires, therefore, not only to identify its nature and proper characteristics, but also to classify them by a reasonable scientific basis of comparison. The study was concentrated on a possible classification technique to natural mineral waters by their constitutions and physico-ehemical properties. The classification was carried out by the computation of such numerical parameters as ionic equivalent percentage, electrolytic conductance or mobility, ionic molecular weight, molecular concentration, equivalent conductivity and degree of ionization in consideration of the determinative criteria as follows -particular single element or molecule -major components of natural waters as bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride,caloride, calcium, magnesium, and sodium -moleculat concentration related to blood osmotic pressure -water temperature at emergence from spring -contents of free carbon dioxide (CO2) -pH value of water -total dissolved solids or salts (NaCl) The results obtained proved out to be clearly distinguhhable from ordinary drinking water as far as concern natural mineral water as an example on the subject -simple water -bicarbonate-predominating water -cold spring -carbonated-non gaseous water -weak alkaline water -non saline water Putting these various results together, the sample turned out to be a kind of natural mineral water that can be used as a drinking water if microbiologically safe.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.529-541
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• 2009

Hydrochemical, stable isotopic ($\delta^{18}O$ and dD) and noble gas isotopic analyses of seven hot spring water samples, eleven groundwater samples and six surface water samples collected from the Icheon and Pocheon area were carried out to find out hydrochemical characteristics, and to interpret the source of noble gases and the geochemical evolution of the hot spring waters. The hot spring waters show low temperature type ranging from 21.5 to $31.4^{\circ}C$ and the pH value between 6.69 and 9.21. Electrical conductivity of hot spring waters has the range from 310 to $735\;{\mu}S/cm$. Whereas the hot spring water in the Icheon area shows the geochemical characteristics of neutral pH, the $Ca-HCO_3$(or $Ca(Na)-HCO_3$) chemical type and a high uranium content, the hot spring water in the Pocheon area shows the characteristics of alkaline pH, the $Na-HCO_3$ chemical type and a high fluorine content. These characteristics indicate that the hot spring water in the Icheon area is under the early stage in the geochemical evolution, and that the hot spring water in the Pocheon area has been geochemically evolved. The $\delta^{18}O$ and ${\delta}D$ values of hot spring waters show the range of $-10.1{\sim}-8.69%o$ and from $-72.2{\sim}-60.8%o$, respectively, and these values supply the information of the recharge area of hot spring waters. The $^3He/^4He$ ratios of the hot spring waters range from $0.09\;{\times}\;10^{-6}$ to $0.65\;{\times}\;10^{-6}$ which are plotted above the mixing line between air and crustal components. Whereas the helium gas in the Icheon hot spring water was mainly provided from the atmospheric source mixing with the mantle(or magma) origin, the origin of helium gas in the Pocheon hot spring water shows a dominant crustal source. $^{40}Ar/^{36}Ar$ ratios of hot spring water are in the range of an atmosphere source.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.167.2-168
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• 2003

This study was performed to evaluate Quality of spring water in seoul. After the revision the guideline of water Quality control on July 2002, the ratio of non-passed samples of spring water increased evidently(2001, 24.5％$\rightarrow$2002, 37.5％). So Citizens of Seoul have been worried about what makes the difference between two years. To find out the major reason of that rapid increasement, the experimental results of standard plate count and psychrotrophilic bacteria in seoul were used. (omitted)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.297-308
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• 2002

Field observations for research of oceanographic characteristics in waters adjacent to fish farm on land and water quality at area where water is supplied to fish farm and area where water is discharged from fish farm are carried out in coastal waters of Pyoson located in the southeastern region of Jeju Island in March, May, August and November of 2000. Semidiurnal tides to the northeast and southwest dominate. The mean velocities of current around neap tides and spring tides are 8.52cmㆍs$^{-1}$, 28.63cmㆍs$^{-1}$, respectively. The difference of temperature between area where water is supplied to fish farm and area where water is discharged from fish farm is about 0.6$^{\circ}C$. Seasonal variation range for temperature and salinity is 13.5$^{\circ}C$ and 3.5psu, individually. Concentrations of nitrate(NO$_3$$^{-}$), phosphate(PO$_4$$^{3-}$ ), silicate(SiO$_2$) and COD(chemical oxygen demand) are high in autumn. Particularly, concentrations of nitrate and COD in winter and spring at station where water is supplied to fish farm are higher than these at station where water is dischared from fish farm. However, concentration of phosphate and silicate at station where is supplied to fish farm in spring, summer and autumn is higher than that at station where water is dischared from fish farm. Water quality in the study area is grade 1 and this level is kept up in the whole year.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.121.1-121.1
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• 2010

We analyzed the temperature and chemical composition of 376 hot springs in Korea. It took about three days for the temperature to stabilize after the pumping test. After the stabilization, in-situ and laboratory analyses of the hot spring water were carried out. The average temperature and TDS were $29.95^{\circ}C$ and 2,071mg/L, respectively. The temperature ranging $25-30^{\circ}C$ were recorded from 70% of hot springs, and $30-35^{\circ}C$ of 15.4%. The maximum temperature was about $78^{\circ}C$. The value of TDS in 79% of the wells was below 1,000 mg/L. 5.5% of the wells, mostly developed near seashore, shows higher values than 10,000mg/L of TDS suggesting the influence of seawater. The hot spring water shows 8.49 of pH representing a weak alkali. For the mineral compositions dissolved in the hot spring in Korea, Na (431 mg/L) and Ca (188 mg/L) are the major cations, and Cl (840 mg/L) and $SO_4$ (213 mg/L) are the major anions.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.161.2-161.2
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• 2003

In order to investigate the pathogenic genes and genetic relationships of Y. pseudotuberculosis, we isolated 9 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis from about 380 spring water sites in Seoul and carried out antibiotic susceptibility test, biological test and molecular typing. All isolated strains were distributed throughout the northeast area in Seoul (Mt. Bookhan, Mt. Soorak, Mt. Boolam and etc...).Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, neomycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, but were resistant to novobiocin and vancomycin. (omitted)

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2006

The hot spring water of the north Jeonla province such as Wanggung, Jookrim, Seokjung, and Hwasim, has fluoride concentration of 3.9 mg/L, 12.7 mg/L, 1.9 mg/L, and 6.3 mg/L, respectively. These figures fairly exceed the Korean and WHO standard for potable water, which is 1.5 mg/L. Therefore, in this study, research on elimination of fluoride in a hot spring water of Jookrim region, which has the highest level of fluoride concentration level in the north Jeonla province, was carried out. In analysis of Jookrim hot spring water according to the water quality standard for potable water, pH was very high at 9.25 and the concentration of fluoride was 10 times higher than the standard at 18.2 mg/L. Other measurements were within the standard or not detected. After injecting 10g of activated carbon for elimination of fluoride, the fluoride concentration was measured at 13.5 mg/L, and when 70mL or more of alum 10 g/L solution was injected, the concentration was measured at 2.8 mg/L, and injecting 3g of lime was measured at 9 mg/L. Alum showed the best elimination performance among all individual injections. Injection of 25 mL of activated carbon and 100 mL of alum solution together reduced the fluoride concentration down to 1.3 mg/L, which is under the potable standard. Injection of lime 1g and 75 mL of alum 10 g/L solution together reduced fluoride concentration to 4.1 mg/L. From the modifying HRT, by using ion exchange resin column, the pH was stabilized when HRT was Imin and showed range of $6.7{\sim}7.8$. The fluoride concentration reduced gradually as the HRT increased, and satisfied the potable standard when HRT passed 6 min, and after 30 min HRT, the concentration of fluoride was 0.05 mg/L: almost eliminated.