• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.156-159
• /
• 2009

Slot coating has been wide spread in photo-resist coating on the glass for liquid crystal display. Die in slot coater consists of manifold and land. Material comes in inlet of the die and flow into the manifold and then flow out through the land. The coating thickness variations along the die length depend upon inside of die design such as manifold and die land. However the coating thickness variations along the moving direction(coating direction) of the coater depend upon the operational conditions of coater as well as die lip design. The coating behaviors including atmospheric air have been investigated in this study. Die geometries considered in this study were nozzle gap and length of the die lip. Coating gap and coating speed were the variables fur coating operational conditions. When the nozzle gap and length of die lip increased climbing effect of PR on the downstream die lip was reduced. Subsequently uniformity of coating thickness improved. Uniformity of coating thickness also enhanced as coating gap and coater speed increased. The uniformity of coating gap was related to the velocity vector distributions on the coating surface.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.785-798
• /
• 2002

A reliable analytic model that predicts the surface profile of the exit cross section of workpiece in round-oval (or oval-round) pass sequence is established. The presented model does not require any plasticity theory but needs the only geometric information on workpiece and roll groove. Formulation is based on the linear interpolation of the radius of curvature of an incoming workpiece and that of roll groove in the roll axis direction when the maximum spread of workpiece is known beforehand. The validity of the analytic model is examined by hot rod rolling experiment with the roll gap, specimen size, design parameter of oval groove and steel grade changed. Results revealed that the cross sectional shapes predicted by the model were in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. We found that the analytic model not only has simplicity and accuracy for practical usage but also saves a large amount of computational time in comparison with finite element method.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제23권7호
• /
• pp.425-430
• /
• 2014

The aim of the current study was to predict the plastic deformation behavior of a heated slab during hot rough rolling. FE-simulations were performed to investigate the metal flow and to locate the position of surface material from the slab through the rough rolling and onto the strip, using a material point tracking technique. In addition, experimental hot rolling trials were conducted where artificial defects were impressed onto a heated slab in order to validate the FE-simulation results. The simulated results show the same tendency of deformation behavior as the experimental measurements. The movement of slab defects from the side surface towards the strip center is directly linked to the extent of lateral spread during the rolling.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제7권5호
• /
• pp.609-626
• /
• 2014

The capabilities of a high-resolution Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system are presented within the context of deformation measurements of full-scale concrete columns tested under reversed cyclic loading. The system was developed to have very high-resolution such that material strains on the order of the cracking stain of concrete could be measured on the surface of full-scale structural members. The high-resolution DIC system allows the measurement of a wide range of deformations and strains that could only be inferred or assumed previously. The DIC system is able to resolve the full profiles of member curvatures, rotations, plasticity spread, shear deformations, and bar-slip induced rotations. The system allows for automatic and objective measurement of crack widths and other damage indices that are indicative of cumulated damage and required repair time and cost. DIC damage measures contrast prevailing proxy damage indices based on member force-deformation data and subjective damage measures obtained using visual inspection. Data derived from high-resolution DIC systems is shown to be of great use in advancing the state of behavioral knowledge, calibrating behavioral and analytical models, and improving simulation accuracy.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제38권5호
• /
• pp.497-521
• /
• 2021

In this study, an effective numerical method is introduced for nonlinear inelastic analyses of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) frames for the first time. A steel-concrete composite fiber beam-column element model is developed that considers material, and geometric nonlinearities, and residual stresses. This is achieved by using stability functions combined with integration points along the element length to capture the spread of plasticity over the composite cross-section along the element length. Additionally, a multi-spring element with a zero-length is employed to model the nonlinear semi-rigid beam-to-column connections in CFST frame models. To solve the nonlinear equilibrium equations, the generalized displacement control algorithm is adopted. The accuracy of the proposed method is firstly verified by a large number of experiments of CFST members subjected to various loading conditions. Subsequently, the proposed method is applied to investigate the nonlinear inelastic behavior of rectangular CFST frames with fully rigid, semi-rigid, and hinged connections. The accuracy of the predicted results and the efficiency pertaining to the computation time of the proposed method are demonstrated in comparison with the ABAQUS software. The proposed numerical method may be efficiently utilized in practical designs for advanced analysis of the rectangular CFST structures.

• 전산구조공학
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.103-113
• /
• 1996

본 논문에서는 강구조물의 설계를 위한 가상하중 소성활절 해석기법이 연구되었다. 구조물의 기하학적인 불완전성을 가상하중기법으로 고려하였다. 본 해석기법을 통하여 구조물이 거동과 하중 지지능력을 직접적인 방법으로 예측할 수 있다. 즉 본 기법은 강구조 설계에서 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 유효길이 인자(K-factor)의 계산 및 각 부재의 강도계산을 필요로 하지 않으므로써 다음 세대의 설계기법이라고 할 수 있다. 본 기법에 의하여 예측된 강도와 변위는 정확한 해라고 알려진 Plastic-Zone해석 결과와 비교 검증하였다. 본 기법의 해석 및 설계 세부지침과 순서를 제시하였으며, 본 해석기법 및 AISC-LRFD방법에 의하여 결정된 부재크기를 비교하였다. 본 해석기법은 실제 설계에 효율적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 2018

This study investigated the effects of the processing number of multi-axial diagonal forging (MADF) on the microstructural changes of OFC fabricated by MADF processes. The as-extruded OFC was cut to $25mm^3$ cube for the MADF processes. The MADF process consists of plane forging with a thickness reduction of 30% and diagonal forging with a diagonal forging angle of $135^{\circ}$. In order to analyze the microstructural evolutions according to the number of repetitions, 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles of the MADF process were performed. OFC specimens were successfully deformed without surface cracking for up to 4 cycles of MADF. The grain size, average misorientation and average grain orientation spread (GOS) of MADF processed materials were analyzed using EBSD technique and their Vicker's hardness were also measured. The results showed that MADF process effectively refined the microstructure of OFC with initial average grain size of $84.2{\mu}m$. The average grain sizes of specimens MADF processed for 1, 2, 3, 4 cycles were refined to be $8.5{\mu}m$, $2.2{\mu}m$, $1.5{\mu}m$, $1.1{\mu}m$, respectively. The grain refinement seemed to be saturated when OFC was MADF processed over 2 cycles. In the case of specimens subjected to two or more cycles of MADF, the degree of decrease in average grain size was drastically reduced as the number of cycles increased due to softening phenomena such as dynamic recovery or dynamic recrystallization during processing. The degree of increase in average Vicker's hardness was also dramatically reduced as the number of cycles increased due to the same reason.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2019

This study investigates the effects of multi-axial diagonal forging (MADF) processing number on the microstructures of AA1100 fabricated using MADF processes. The cast AA1100 was annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ for 3hrs in $N_2$ atmosphere and cut into $25mm^3$ cubes for the MADF processes. The MADF process consist of plane forging with a thickness reduction of 30% and a diagonal forging with a diagonal forging angle of 135 degrees. In order to analyze the microstructural variations based on the number of repetitions, 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles of the MADF process were performed. AA1100 specimens were successfully deformed without cracking of the surface for up to 4 cycles of MADF. The grain size, average misorientation and average grain orientation spread (GOS) of MADF processed materials were analyzed using EBSD technique. The results showed that MADF process effectively refined the microstructure of AA1100 with an initial average grain size of $337.4{\mu}m$. The average grain sizes of specimens which were MADF processed for 2, 3, 4 cycles were refined to be $1.9{\mu}m$, $1.6{\mu}m$, $1.4{\mu}m$, respectively. The grain refinement appeared saturated when AA1100 got MADF processed over 2 cycles. When the specimen was subjected to two or more cycles of MADF, the degree of decrease in the average grain size drastically decreased with an increase in the number of cycle due to the softening phenomena such as dynamic recovery or dynamic recrystallization during processing.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.29-33
• /
• 1974

신라(新羅) 진여왕대(眞與王代)(522년경(年頃)) 우륵(于勒) 선생(先生)이의(義) 임지(林池)를 시축(施築)하여 1,400여년(餘年)이 경과(徑過)되어 동양(東洋)에서 가장 오래된 인공저수지(人工貯水池)가 되었던이 1972년(年) 8월(月) 19일(日) 호우(豪雨) (462mm)로 인(因)하여 만수(滿水)가 되므로 제방(堤防)이 붕괴(崩壞)의 우려(憂慮)가 있어 인공적(人工的)으로 배수(排水)시킨데 기인(起因)하여 제방(堤防)이 무너지게 되고 고대축조기술(古代築造技術)의 신비성(神秘性)을 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)는 대략(大略) 다음과 같다. 1. 의림지인근(義林池隣近)에서 흔히 볼수있는 화강암(花崗岩) 풍화토(風化土)인 사양토(砂壤土)를 이용(利用)하여 축제(築堤)하되 직경(直徑) 30~50cm의 큰 나무를 횡(橫)으로 묻어가며 축조(築造)하였다. 2. 수종(樹種)은 소나무 6본(本) 상수리 3본(本) 굴참나무 1본(本) 황철나무 1본(本) 계(計)11본(本) 직경(直徑)(30~50cm)을 확인(確認)한 것으로 보아 축조당시(築造當時)에 주위(周圍) 임상(林相)은 소나무외(外)에 참나무류와 활철나무가 상당수(相當數)가 있었던 것으로 인정(認定)된다. 3) 제방(堤防) 축조(築造)는 토사정지각(土砂靜止角)을 이용(利用)하여 축조(築造)하고 토(土)위에 점토(粘土)(20~30cm)를 2중(重)으로 덮고 다진다음 20~40cm의 신선(新鮮)한 낙엽층(落葉層)으로 완전(完全) 피복(被覆)하고 낙엽층(落葉層) 위는 다시 점토(粘土)를 넣었으며 그 위에 직경(直徑) 10~30cm의 석력(石礫)을 포함(包含)한 점토층(粘土層)(황토층(黃土層))을 만들어 축조(築造)하였다. 4. 제방(堤防)의 하단부(下端部)는 점토(粘土)의 두께를 두껍게 하고 위로 올라갈수록 엷게 피복하였으며 각(各) 점토층(粘土層)위마다 다지고 불을질러 태웠다. 축제(築堤)가 완성(完成)된 표면(表面)은 중점토(重粘土)로서 균등(均等)하게 피복하고 그 위를 일반토양(一般土壤)으로 피복(被覆)하였다. 5. 제방(堤防) 사면(斜面) 안벽 점토층(粘土層)은 gray화(化)가 진행(進行)되고 낙엽층(落葉層)은 조부식층(粗腐植層)의 판을 형소(形所)하고 있으며 점토층(粘土層)은 마치 수중(水中)에서 생고무와 같은 역할(役割)을 하며 조부식층(粗腐植層)은 수분침투(水分侵透)를 방지(防止)하고 있어 매우 견고(堅固)한 제방(堤防)이 형성(形成)되었다. 6. 고대축조기술(古代築造技術)은 인근(隣近)흙으로 토사정지각(土砂靜止角)을 이용(利用)하여 일반축조(一般築造)된 위에 점토(粘土)와 낙엽층(落葉層)을 넣어 수압(水壓)에 견디도록 탄력성(彈力性)있게 축조(築造)되었다. 7. 현대(現代)의 사력(砂礫)댐과는 달리 최소한(最小限)의 인력(人力)을 동원(動員)하여 최대한(最大限)의 효과(效果)를 발휘(發揮)할 수 있도록 역학적(力學的)으로 축조(築造)되었다고 할 수 있다.