• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 1973

In an effort to find effective inoculation method of Fusarium nivale, this experiment was conducted. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) Distilled water-spore suspension of this fungus was inoculated on rice seedling and the result showed that negligible disease symptoms were observed when the inoculated plants were placed in a moist chamber for one day, whereas considerable symptoms were indicated when kept for two days. (2) After giving physical wounds by wind or wooden stick to the rice seedling, distilled water-spore suspenion was sprayed on them and considerable diseased spots were formed. (3) Sufficient disease occurrence was due to the addition of $1\%$ rice leaf extract, glucose, polypeptone, and yeast extract solution to the spore suspension. (4) In distilled water, spore germination was poor, while in nutrient added solution good germination rate as well as anastomosis was found. (5) A new rice variety Tong-il turned out to be more susceptible to Fusarium nivale than Pung-kwang.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 1999

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data on agricultural use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) in salt accumulated plastic film house soil by evaluating the density of AMF spores in plastic film house in Yeong Nam area and surface sterility condition, germination rate of AMF spores, and hyphal growth in vitro. The density of AMF spores in plastic film house soils was highest in the site of water melon, and those of cucumber, melon, hot pepper sites were followed in order. The number of AMF was in the range of 101-207 per 100 g dry soil. With decreasing the ratio of bacteria to fungi(B/F), the population density of AMF was increased, and available $P_2O_5$ content of soil was significantly correlated to the population densities of AMF($r=0.416^*$). The surface sterility rate and spore germination of AMF isolated in plastic film house soil were more than 50% in 2% chloramin T and 2% chloramin T + antibiotic and 0.5% NaOCl treatments. The germination rate of Gigaspora margarita in the range of initial pH 5~9 of the medium was more than 56%. Hyphal growth was increased as pH of the medium increased. However the germination rate of Acaulospora spinosa was highest in the medium of pH 9, and hyphal growth in vitro was poor and not related to pH of the medium.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 2014

Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria can affect plant growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms. This study was conducted to determine the ability of some rhizobacterial strains to enhance the seed germination of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Raphanus sativus (radish). Seeds were inoculated using a spore suspension ($1{\times}10^7cfumL^{-1}$) and incubated in a growth chamber at $28^{\circ}C$ under dark conditions and 65% RH. Azotobacter chroococcum and LAP mix inoculation increased the plumule length of L. sativa by 1.3, 0.8, and 0.7 cm, respectively, in comparison to the uninoculated control. Pseudomonas putida showed an increase of only 0.6 cm in plumule length when compared to the control. Inoculation of A. chroococcum, P. putida, and LAP mix enhanced the seed germination rate of R. sativus, by 10, 5, and 30%, respectively, in comparison with the uninoculated seeds. The results demonstrated that the inoculation of seeds by select rhizobacterial strains showed remarkable enhancement to the radicle length of lettuce and radish seedlings.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2005

Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013 (AQ94013), a hyperparasite, was selected as an effective biological control agent against cucumber powdery mildew. Optimal temperature for mycelial growth of AQ94013 was $26^{\circ}C$, and the optimal pH was 6.5. Conidia of AQ94013 were more Produced on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in darkness than under alternating cycles of 12 hr fluorescent light and 12 hr darkness. Temperature range for spore germination of the fungus was $10\~35^{\circ}C$, and optimal temperature was $20^{\circ}C$. Conidial germination of the fungus began 8 hr after incubation at $24^{\circ}C$. Germination rate of conidia at concentration of $5{\times}10^5\;spores/ml\;and\;5{\times}10^6\;spores/ml$ was higher than at concentration of $5{\times}10^7\;spores/ml$. The best source of carbon and nitrogen for mycelial growth of the fungus were dextrin and neopeptone, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 1981

Germination of the single-basidiospore of Agaricus bisporus, mycelial characteristics of the single spore culture and its fruit body formation were studied. Germination of the single basidiospore was the best on water agar. Of 6372 spores isolated, 1622 spore were germinated and the germination rate was 26 percent. Cultures from single basidiospores showed two distinct mycelial types on the compost extract sucrose agar: one was the strandy type and the other was the fluffy. The strandy type culture produced more sporophores than the fluffy. Of 778 strandy isolates screened, nine cultures yielded 5 percent higher than the origine. No. 1567 and 1708 were selected for the commercial cultivation.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of 19 agro-materials that have been registered for organic cultivation in Korea, after inoculation of pear leaves with Venturia nashicola and Gymnosporangium asiaticum. In V. nashicola, most of the nine agro- materials containing sulfur and copper completely inhibited spore germination, and some of the spores that germinated did not form appressoria. However, in only lime sulfur, Neobordeaux (cupric sulfate), and Wheengaris (sulfur)showed antifungal activity against G. asiaticum. Among the agro-materials containing plant extracts, Wheengarujaba (wood vinegar+spirits+rhubarb) inhibited conidial germination in V. nashicola and G. asiaticum by 100% and 71.6%, respectively. Among the agro-materials containing antifungal microorganisms, Cheongotan (Streptomyces griseus) reduced spore germination rate of V. nashicola to 88.8%; moreover, formation of appressoria or intracellular accumulation was not observed. Application of Topsid (Paenibacillus polymyxa) reduced spore germination rates in V. nashicola and G. asiaticum to 71.0% and 90.6%, respectively, and the formation of appressoria was not observed. Studying the antifungal activity of agro-materials because of cumulative applications under the field conditions is necessary, owing to their contact fungicidal effect and the induced-resistance by microbial metabolites and natural compounds.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2003

Antifungal properties of methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate(BMC) were investigated using 16 fungi. Cytotoxicity test of BMC revealed that the morphology of HeLa cells was considerably deformed even at the concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of BMC for 7 fungi among the 16 tested ones were lower than $1.95{\times}10^{-4}{\mu}g/ml$, while Aspergillus flavus showed an MIC value higher than 1.0 ${\mu}g/ml$. Tolerance induction against BMC was successful only for Paecilomyces farinosus LAR10, contrary to the expectation that tolerance would be induced for the fungi having high MIC values such as Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and A. flavus ATCC 9643. Spore germination of A. niger ATCC 9642 was suppressed by BMC. However the mycelial growth of the fungus once germinated was not retarded at all by BMC up to 8 MIC. Addition of lanosterol provided a remedy for the reduced germination rate of A. niger ATCC 9642 spores.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 1985

Numbers of total bacteria and fungal propagules were highly populated in the soil of diseased plot in Gumsan, whereas numbers of actinomycetes were high in the soil of healthy plot in Goesan. In microbial fluctuation of different soil conditions four weeks after amended with various plant materials, bacteria were decreased in the soil amended with various plant materials as compared with non-amended soil except for Goesan. On the contrary, numbers of fungal propagules were increased amended with onion and potato stalk in two soils at different conditions, and also the propagules were enhanced in the soil amended with various plant materials in general. Higher numbers of bacteria and fungal propagules were observed in the diseased replanted plot in general, but germination rate of fungal spores relatively reversed against the microbial population. Alternaria panax was not affected much in their germination by natural soil condition, while Fusarium spp. were affected in their germination by natural soil. Natural soil showed a fungistatic effect against four fungal spores.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 1985

Some interactions in various soil conditions, numbers of microbial populations, root rot disease development and rates of spore germiation in three different location of soils were investigated. The calcium and magnesium contents were higher in replanted fields of ginseng (Panax ginseng) at Goesan. Potassium contents were high in replanted field at Poonggi and textural class of the soils was silt loam except for silt clay loam in first cultured field of ginseng at Goesan. For the germination process of Fusarium solani, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, and Alternaria panax, the percentage germination of fungal spores was high in double distilled water and Pfeffer's solution as media, whereas the lower rate of germination of spores was observed in soil extracts. Numbers of bacteria were high in replanted field soil at Gumsan, and propagules of fungi in replanted fields at Gumsan and Poonggi were higher than other soils, but higher numbers of actinomycetes were found in the first cultured field of ginseng at Goesan and Poonggi. Fungistasis was induced by higher microbial populations present in soil that was initiated when amended with garlic stalk, crushed bean and ginseng leaves. On the other hand, there was no fungistasis in soil amended with wheat and barley straw, and this tendency was a little difference on the soil sample.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.543-546
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• 2005

Optimized conditions for protoplast preparation and regeneration from young hyphae of Monascus ruber were established. Heat shock treatment of spores gave rapid and synchronized germination. Spores collected from cultures grown for 7-8 days at $30^{\circ}C$ were germinated until over 70% germ tubes reached to 3-5 spore length. Enzymatic digestion of young hyphae was optimal with 50 mg/mL Glucanex in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer containing 0.8 M mannitol as an osmotic stabilizer. Regeneration rate was around 10% when 0.8 M sorbitol was used as an osmotic stabilizer in regeneration medium. These conditions will be applied in genetic study of M. ruber that produces citrinin at high level and thus is good model strain for molecular genetic dissection of citrinin biosynthesis.