• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 2020

Background: Complications following impacted third molar surgery significantly affect patients' quality of life during the immediate postoperative period. This study aimed to achieve the proper anesthesia method by comparing the effect of the application of lidocaine alone with the application of lidocaine and articaine simultaneously in reducing the complications during and following impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Methods: The study design was a split-mouth double-blind randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted on 13 patients (26 samples) referred for elective surgical removal of bilateral impacted mandibular third molar with similar difficulty on both sides. Each patient underwent similar surgical procedures on two separate appointments. Each patient randomly received 2% lidocaine for conventional inferior alveolar nerve block and 4% articaine for local infiltration before the surgery on one side (group A) and 2% lidocaine alone (for both block anesthesia and infiltration) before the surgery on the other side (group B). Intraoperative and postoperative variables for both groups were established and statistically analyzed. Results: The findings showed that pain on the first day after surgery in group A was significantly lower than that in group B. The patients in group A mentioned experiencing less discomfort following the surgery. The increased horizontal swelling on the first and third days following surgery and oblique swelling on the seventh day in patients in group B were statistically significant. Conclusion: Choosing an appropriate anesthetic drug for oral surgery, specifically impacted third molar surgery, is dependent on the clinician's opinion, however; it seems that the combination of lidocaine and articaine may control the patient's pain significantly better than lidocaine alone.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.304-313
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to test the reliability and validity test of PWI to utility of PWI. this newly developed by Sejin Jang which measures stress. The subject were 186 workers in service area. Cronbach's a and Guttman split-half coefficient is used to test the reliability of PWI. Factor analysis and the correlation of the GHQ-60. GHQ-30, GHQ-28, GHQ-20, and GHQ-12 with the PWI is used to convergent validity and discriminant validity. The important results of this study are as follows : Cronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient of data was 0.894 and Guttman split-half coefficient was 0.7097. The PWI was classified as 13 principle component (eigenvalue＞1.0). After exploring 4 factor structure according to previous study result, 4 factors was explained 40.5% out of the total variance. The factor 1 was explained 15.9% and then the rest three factor was 24.6%. Factor 2 and 4 showed good agreement but factor 1 and 3 did not. Depression-related items were classified two factors. Anxiety and depression-related items were loaded unifactor. It was not clear that the PWI was consist of 4 concepts(factors). The correlation of the GHQ-60, GHQ-30, GHQ-28, GHQ-20, and GHQ-12 with the PWI were 0.744~0.905. According to findings of this study. the PWI showed a high degree of validity and reliability. Thus it is recommended to use the PWI in general setting for screening for stress. In addition, it is necessary to clarify the concept of depression and anxiety. In the further study. it my be considered to the factor structure of PWI and studied to two or unidimensional factor structure.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.282-292
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to provide for some basic data useful to the development of the brassieres comfortable and more suitable for obese women. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Obese women were categorized using Rohrer index into three groups, and thereupon, their breast forms were analyzed. As a result, it was found that group 1 and 2 had similar small breasts, while group 3 had the largest size of breasts. 2. The forms of obese women's breast split, protrusion and volume, factors related with breast area and drooping, factor affecting the breast protrusion and factor defining the lower form of breast. 3. The actual breast types of obese women could be classified into cone type, protrusion type, drooping type Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The more obese a woman was, her breast tended more to droop.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.13A no.2 s.99
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• pp.147-156
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• 2006

Recently, streaming service accounts for large part of internet traffic and it is becoming the most popular service. Because of P2P's scalability, P2P-based streaming system is proposed. There are frequent leave and join of a node. To overcome the group dynamics, Multiple Multicast Trees Methods were suggested. However, since they did not consider discrepancy in peers' capacity, it may cause the trees to be long and unstable. So we suggest Resilient Capacity-Aware Multicast Tree construction scheme (R-CAT) that promotes superior peer to upper position in the tree and construct more stable and short multicast trees. By simulation we can show that R-CAT cost more overhead packets for tree joining process, but it reduce the end-to-end delay of the resulting tree and the number of packets lost during the node joining and leaving processes much more than SplitStream.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.1654-1665
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• 2008

This paper presents bit splitting methods to apply multilevel modulation to iterative codes such as turbo code, low density parity check code and turbo product code. Log-likelihood ratio method splits multilevel symbols to soft decision symbols using the received in-phase and quadrature component based on Gaussian approximation. However it is too complicate to calculate and to implement hardware due to exponential and logarithm calculation. Therefore this paper presents Euclidean, MAX, sector and center focusing method to reduce the high complexity of LLR method. Also, this paper proposes optimal soft symbol split method for three kind of iterative codes. Futhermore, 16-APSK modulator method with double ring structure for applying DVB-S2 system and 16-QAM modulator method with lattice structure for T-DMB system are also analyzed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.7 s.78
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• pp.147-154
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to improve the existing phase split algorithm considering the minimum green time in COSMOS. In the case of a signalized intersection where two wide and narrow streets intersect each other, the time required for the pedestrian crossing is frequently longer than the time alloted to the through traffic on a minor street. In order to meet the minimum green time requirement for the pedestrian less time in alloted automatically to the left-turn traffic, creating heavy congestion on the left-turn approach. To solve this problem, this study suggests a new algorithm which shares the barrier using minimum green time and shares the burden with signal phases alloted to the crossing street traffic on the basis of the equal ratio of the degree of saturation, while maintaining the minimum green time requirement. The new algorithm was compared with the existing algorithm by using a microscopic simulation model for COSMOS evaluation developed at Ajou University. The simulation results show that the new algorithm produces better performance than the existing one.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.314-322
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• 2019

A worsened drought in Chungnam province of Korea due to climate change and increasing water demand at Daesan industrial complex have motivated the 100,000 ㎥/d seawater desalination project. In this study, therefore, the comprehensive analysis of parameters affecting the reverse osmosis (RO) performance was conducted. Under the various conditions of feedwater salinity and temperature in Daesan, energy consumption was calculated as 2.39 ± 0.13 kWh/㎥. The decrease in membrane flux and recovery rate positively impacted annual operation cost. The average total dissolved solids (TDS) of the permeate and energy consumption with highly permeable membrane according to the membrane manufacturer were 3.84 mg/L and 2.22 ± 0.13 kWh/㎥, respectively. In addition, energy saving up to 0.29 kWh/㎥ or cost reduction of membrane module up to 15.6% is expected by changing the RO configuration from full two pass to partial or split partial two pass.

• Journal of Applied and Pure Mathematics
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• v.4 no.3_4
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• pp.85-97
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• 2022

Let a graph G = (V, E) be a (p, q) graph. Define $${\rho}\;=\;\{\array{{\frac{p}{2}}&p\text{ is even}\\{\frac{p-1}{2}}\;&p\text{ is odd,}}$$ and M = {±1, ±2, ⋯ ± 𝜌} called the set of labels. Consider a mapping λ : V → M by assigning different labels in M to the different elements of V when p is even and different labels in M to p - 1 elements of V and repeating a label for the remaining one vertex when p is odd. The labeling as defined above is said to be a pair mean cordial labeling if for each edge uv of G, there exists a labeling $\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)}{2}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is even and $\frac{{\lambda}(u)+{\lambda}(v)+1}{2}$ if λ(u) + λ(v) is odd such that ${\mid}\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}_1}-\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}{\mid}{\leq}1$ where $\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}_1}$ and $\bar{\mathbb{S}}_{{\lambda}^c_1}$ respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and the number of edges not labeled with 1. A graph G for which there exists a pair mean cordial labeling is called a pair mean cordial graph. In this paper, we investigate the pair mean cordial labeling of graphs which are obtained from path and cycle.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.202-206
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• 1990

Field experiment was conducted to develop a model of controlled release of oxyfluorfen by using various split applications. Rice and some weed species was included in this study. The models of split applications were 10-10-0. 10-10-10. 20-20-0, 20-10-10. 20-20-20, 0-40-0, and 0-0-0g/Ha at 3days before transplanting, and 11 days after transplanting, respectively. Rice injury appeared dispeared at 20 g/Ha of oxyfluorfen on low leaf sheath but disappeared at few days. The injury was reduced by split application even at the same rate of application. However, no injury was siginificant at 30 days after transplanting. Barnyardgrass, Monochoria, and arrowhead were most susceptible to oxyfluorfen, but bulruch and most perennial weeds recovered after temporary growth inhibition. Therefore, to develop oxyflourfen for use in rice transplanting of adult rice seedling, split application with reduced rates, and development of expected to be tank-mixed or premixed with other perennial herbicides to obtain droad spectrum of weeds.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.1-13
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to validate the Elementary HOME(Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) with korean elementary children. Subjects were 536 mothers 1st-5th graders in the elementary schools in the Seoul. Pearson's r, pearcentage(%), phi($\phi$/), Cronbach's $\alpha$/ ware conducted for the statistical analysis. The major findings were as follows. 1) The item pass rate(percentage) were ranged 16~98. 2) The discriminant coefficients($\phi$/) of the item were ranged 0.06~0.58. 3) The reliability coefficients of the scale were that the split-falf was 0.84, and Cronbach's $\alpha$/ was 0.88. Considering the length of the scale, these reliability estimates appear to be at an acceptable level 4) The factor analysis and the correlations between HOME and SES indices and children's school schievement to test construct validity were conducted to test construct validity. Eight factors were extracted from the factor analysis and coefficients(r) were ranged 0.16~0.45 and -0.08~0.37.