• 한국가금학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1998

This study was investigated to study split diets on laying performance and eggshell quality with Hy-Line brown layers 43 weeks old for 12 weeks Layers fed a conventional diet and split diets were divided into morning and afternoon diet. The conventional diet contained 3.4 % Ca was given constant nutrients all day. Hens of the split diets fed morning diets contained 0.5 % Ca constantly and afternoon diets contained 5.9, 8.0, and 10.0 % Ca in T1to T3. Split diets were given morning diets from 04:00 to 15:00 and afternoon diets 15:00 to 21 :00 alternately. Egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were not significantly different among diets. Abnormal eggs decreased in T1 and T2, but no significantly differed(P>0.05). Feed intake decreased in all of split diets compared to control diets (P <0.05). So, feed conversion ratio also improved in split diets(P<0.05). ME and CP intake decreased in T2 and T3, and Ca intake increased in proportion to Ca content of diets(P<0.05). ME and CP requirements per kg eggs decreased in the split diets, and that of Ca increased. Although there were not different significantly, egg shell strength and thickness improved slightly in T2 at 12 week. Yolk color, haugh unit and yolk index were not different among diets. Therefore, we concluded that split diet feeding to layer could improve feed and economic efficiency with normal egg production.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.58-60
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance. In both studies, ISA Brown layers were kept in laying hen cages and treatments were represented by three or four replicates each containing 25 or 34 birds. In Experiment 1, the control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein - low Ca diet and low energy/protein - high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were significantly reduced(P＜0.05) compared to C group, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. In the second study, C and T1 groups were fed the diets same to the C and T2 groups in Experiment 1, respectively. And T2 group was fed the diet mixed with the split diets for a.m. in mash and p.m. in pellet used in T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P＜0.05), while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(P＜0.05) in T1 and T2, while the ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C group. In both study, eggshell qualities were improved(P＜0.05) by split diet feeding. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m., and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets was also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1996

본 시험은 산란계에 대한 오전사료와 오후사료의 별도 급여가 산란능력과 경제성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 ISA Brown 산란계 480수를 공시하여 32~36주령, 52~56주령 및 72~76주령에 각각 4주간씩 실시되었다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고 시험구들(T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$, T$_4$ 및 T$_{5}$)은 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고C3의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였다. 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 평균난중은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 산란율과 1일 산란량은 대조구(C)에 비해 오전사료와 오후사료를 별도로 급여한 시험구(T$_{1}$~T$_{5}$)들이 유의하게 높았고(P<0.05), 그 중에서도 관행적인 산란계 배합사료에서 Ca 공급제를 제외한 사료를 오전에 급여하고 Ca 공급제를 두 배로 첨가한 사료를 오후에 급여하는 T$_2$ 처리가 가장 높았다. 2. 1일 1수당 사료, ME 및 CP 섭취량은 대조구(C)에 비해 시험구들(7,~Ts)이 유의하게 적었다. 3. 산란 kg당 소요된 사료, ME 및 CP 요구량도 대조구(C) 에 비해 시험구들(T$_1$ ~T$_{5}$)이 적었다(p<0.05). 4. 1일 1수당 사료비는 대조구(C)에 비해 시험구(T$_1$ ~T$_{5}$) 들이 낮았으며(P<0.05), 산란 kg당 사료비도 시험구들이 대조구보다 낮았고(P<0.05), 시험구들 중에서는 T$_2$ 가 가장 낮았다. 결론적으로 관행적인 산란계 배합사료에서 Ca공급제를 제외한 사료를 오전에 급여하고 Ca공급제를 두배로 첨가한 사료를 오후에 급여하는 T$_2$ 처리로 사양하면 난중에는 차이가 없으나 산란율이 4.3% 향상되고, 1일 1수당 사료 ME 및 CP 섭취량을 각각 6.2%, 5.0%, 5.5% 감소시킬 수 있으며, 산란 kg당 사료, ME및 CP 요구량은 각각 11.5%, 10.3%, 10.3%가 감소되어, 1일 1수당 사료비와 산란 kg 당 사료비를 각각 5.2% 와 10.5% 씩 절감할 수 있었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.554-564
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• 2019

Purpose: This study verified the reliability and validity of the Diet Quality Index for Indian children (DQIIC). Methods: The study sample included 100 school going boys and girls (7-9 years). The dietary behavior of children was studied using a questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall. The DQIIC comprises 21 items which aimed to assess the diet of Indian children on the basis of variety, adequacy of consumption of dietary components, and moderation in the amount of nutrients that are associated with diseases and dietary habits. The reliability of the DQIIC was assessed using the split half method, Cronbach's alpha, and test retest reliability. Content validity was evaluated using content validity ratio (CVR). Results: The intake of iron was found to be less than the recommended dietary allowances. There was frequent consumption of empty calorie packaged foods and higher than the recommended amount of sodium. Reliability of the DQIIC was 0.85 by split half method and the correlation coefficient for test retest reliability was 0.87. Cronbach's alpha was 0.62 and CVR was 0.85 for this index. Most of the children fell in the moderately healthy category. Conclusion: The DQIIC is a reliable and valid tool to assess the diet quality of Indian children between 7-9 years.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

산란계에 대한 오전사료와 오후사료의 영양수준 및 급여방법이 산란능력과 경제성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 2개의 실험을 실시하였는데, 실험 1에서는 ISA Broun 갈색산란계 384수를 4처리 3반복, 반복당 32수씩을 공시하여 28~38주령에 2주간의 예비사양기간을 거쳐 본 시험 8주간 실시하였다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고, 시험구들(T1, T2 및 T3)은 고에너지-고단백질-저 Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였다. 실험 2는 “ISA Brown” 갈색 산란계 384수를 3처리 4반복, 반복당 32수씩을 공시하여 48 ~ 58주령에 2주간의 예비사양기간을 거쳐 본 시험 8주간 실시하였다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고, T1은 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였고, T2는 오전사료를 분말로 하고 오후사료를 펠렛으로 가공하여 50：50으로 혼합급여 하였다. 실험 1에서 헨데이 산란율과 평균난중 및 1일 1수당사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구들(T1-T3)간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 1일 1수당 ME, CP 섭취량 및 사료비는 대조구에 비해 시험구들(T1-T3)이 유의적으로 적었고(P<0.05), 시험구들간에는 오후사료의 ME및 CP 수준이 감소하고 Ca수준이 높아질수록 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 산란 개당 및 산란 kg당 사료, ME CP요구량과 사료비도 모두 대조구에 비해 시험구(T1-T3)들이 유의적으로 적었으며(P<0.05), 시험구들 간에는 오후사료의 Ca함량이 대조구에 비해 4배가 많은 73처리가 사료요구량에서 71과 72보다 많았고(P<0.05), 오후사료의 ME와 CP수준이 감소하고 Ca수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 계란의 비중과 난각강도 및 난각후도 등 난각질은 모두 대조구에 비해 시험구(71-73)들이 유의적으로 향상되었고(P<0.05),오후사료의 Ca수준이 증가할수록 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 실험 2에서 헨데이 산란율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 평균난중과 1일 1수당 사료섭취량은 대조구에 비해 오전사료와 오후사료의 별도급여구(T1)와 혼합급여구(T2)가 감소하는 경향을 보였다(P<0.05). 1일 1수당 ME, CP섭취량 및 사료비는 모두 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), T1과 T2간에는 유의차가 없었다. 산란 개당 ME와 CP요구량 및 사료비는 모두 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 산란kg 당 사료, ME, CP요구량 및 사료비는 모두 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 계란의 비중과 난각후도는 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 향상되었고(P<0.05), 난각강도는 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, T1과 T2구가 대조구보다 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 본 시험 결과 오전용 사료는 관행적인 산란계 배합사료에서 Ca공급제를 제외한 것을 급여하고, 오후용 사료는 Ca공급제를 3배 첨가한 T2처리로 15:00~16:00시에 교체급여를 하면 사료섭취량 감소와 사료비 절감면에서 바람직할 것으로 사료되며, 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 분말사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 펠렛사료를 혼합급여하면 산란계의 사료섭취 량과 사료비를 절감할 수 있었으며, 오전사료와 오후사료 별도급여의 번거로움을 피할 수 있는 사양체계로 기대가 되나 보다 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2010

We evaluated the effect of the ginsenoside Re on insulin resistance of glucose transport in muscles of rats made insulin resistant with a high fat diet. After a week of adaptation period to the laboratory environment, 40 male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups (Chow diet group; CD, n = 20, High fat diet group; HFD, n = 20). After 5-week of high fat diet, Food was removed after 6:00 PM the day before the experiment. The following morning, rats were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg body wt), and the soleus muscles were removed. Before incubation, the soleus muscle was split longitudinally into strips with an average weight of 15~20 mg. After the muscle dissection was completed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the epididymal, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal fat pads were removed and weighed. Treatment of muscles with ginsenoside Re alone had no effect on glucose transport. The high fat diet resulted in ~50% decreases glucose transport rate in soleus muscles. Treatment of muscles with ginsenoside Re in vitro for 90 min completely reversed the high fat diet-induced insulin resistance of glucose transport in soleus muscles. This effect of ginsenoside Re is specific for insulin stimulated glucose transport, as Re treatment did not reverse the high fat diet-induced resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport to stimulation by contraction. Our results show that the ginsenoside Re induces a remarkably rapid reversal of high fat diet-induced insulin resistance of muscle glucose transport.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 1991

Performance and production of twenty lactating Holstein cows fed diets containing either soybean meal or fish meal as the primary protein source were compared in a continuous or split feeding scheme. At 1 wk prepartum four groups of five animals were placed on each experimental diet. Animals assigned to the continuous feeding scheme were continued on these diets for 10-wk postpartum. At 4 wk postpartum, the diets for the groups assigned to switching protein sources were changed. These treatments were continued for another 6 wk. Milk production and dietary intakes were recorded daily. Milk constituents were measured every 2 d. Cows weights, rumen fluid samples and jugular blood samples were collected weekly. Data showed no effect of early lactation diet on cow performance or milk characteristics. Overall, compared to the soybean meal diet, the fish meal diet lowered the milk fat percent and increased production of milk per unit of dry matter ingested. No differences were observed for volatile fatty acid content of rumen fluid, blood mineral content, milk protein, somatic cell count, 4%-fat corrected milk, dry matter intake, or body weight.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.2061-2068
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• 2015

Background: Tumors are largely unable to metabolize ketone bodies for energy due to various deficiencies in one or both of the key mitochondrial enzymes, which may provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies that inhibit tumor growth by administration of a ketogenic diet with average protein but low in carbohydrates and high in fat. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male BALB/C nude mice were injected subcutaneously with tumor cells of the colon cancer cell line HCT116. The animals were then randomly split into three feeding groups and fed either a ketogenic diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and MCT (MKD group; n=12) or lard only (LKD group; n=12) or a standard diet (SD group; n=12) ad libitum. Experiments were ended upon attainment of the target tumor volume of $600mm^3$ to $700mm^3$. The three diets were compared for tumor growth and survival time (interval between tumor cell injection and attainment of target tumor volume). Results: The tumor growth in the MKD and LKD groups was significantly delayed compared to that in the SD group. Conclusions: Application of an unrestricted ketogenic diet delayed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Further studies are needed to address the mechanism of this diet intervention and the impact on other tumor-relevant parameters such as invasion and metastasis.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.638-645
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Taeeumjowuitanggagam-bang (TJV) on the mRNA expression of Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and Interlukin-6 (IL-6) that are considered to play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. For diet-induced obese studies, we split mice into 2 groups. The low fat diet group (LFD, n=8) were supplied with general diet for 10 weeks and the high fat diet group (HFD, n=18) were supplied with 60 kcal% fat diet for 10 weeks. And then The HFD group, the diet-induced obese group, were divided into 3 groups ; a group supplied with normal saline, a group treated with TJV 200 mg/kg and a group treated with TJV 500 mg/kg. They were treated orally with TJV and measured their body weight every day during 10 weeks. After that, we measured mRNA expressions of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and SREBP-1c in liver, and blood concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride too. The results are as follows. The TJV reduced glucose and total cholesterol of blood concentration. The TJV reduced the mRNA expressions of TNF-$\alpha$ and SREBPs in liver. However, We couldn't find the TJV effects on the mRNA expression of IL-6, triglyceride blood concentration, and body weight among groups. The TJV stained liver tissue less red than control group. These results suggest that TJV may be effective for regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in liver.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1061-1069
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed processing and particle size on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 360 growing pigs (22.64±0.014 kg initial body weight [BW]) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates by BW and sex, and 10 pigs were housed in one pen in a randomized complete block design. The BW and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. For the digestibility trial, a total of 24 barrows with an initial BW of 33.65±0.372 kg were split into 6 treatments with a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were designed by a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments based on two main factors, particle size (600, 750, 900 ㎛) and feed form (mash and pellet) of diet. Experimental diets were formulated to contain the requirements of the NRC (2012). Results: The BW and average daily gain were not changed by dietary treatments, and the feed intake of finishing pigs (wks 6 to 12) was increased when the pigs were fed a mash diet (p<0.05). For the overall period, the feed efficiency of pigs was improved with the pellet diet (p<0.01) and reduced particle size (p<0.05). The pellet diet had effects on increasing crude fat digestibility (p<0.01) relative to a mash diet, but there was no considerable change in dry matter and crude protein digestibilities by dietary treatments. In the evaluation of gastric health, a trend for an increased incidence of keratinization in the esophageal region was observed as particle size decreased (p = 0.07). Conclusion: Feed efficiency could be improved by pellet diet and reduced particle size. Nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gastric health were not affected by feed form, and particle size ranged from 600 to 900 ㎛.