• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2002

Background: Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the body's intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. This type of exercise optimises immune functions. Recently several experimental findings suggested that the regular swimming training increase immune response, but there have been very few reports which compare warm water exercise with cold water exercise in spleen lymphocytes. Methods: This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on Index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by splenocytes in BALB/c mice. Thirty six mice (6 week old) were performed 10 weeks of regular swimming training and they were divided into 6 groups according to the regular swimming training (CRG: control resting group, CEG: control exercise group, WRG: warm water trained resting group, WEG: warm water trained exercise group, CORG: cold water trained resting group, COEG: cold water exercise group). Analytical items were weight change, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of ROS. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS package program (ver. 10.0). Results: The swimming training significantly decreased body weight, and increased spleen index, the number of lymphocytes and proliferative activity in the presence or absence of Con A and LPS added conditions. For the WRG and CORG, the quantity of ROS from splenocytes was higher than CRG, whereas, ROS by spleen lymphocytes was lower following 90 min acute exercise stress. Conclusion: These results suggested that the swimming training not only increases the number of lymphocytes but also increases proliferative activity by splenocytes in vitro.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.61-77
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• 1994

Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to electric fields (6,000 V, 10 kV/m, 30 min/day, 6 days per week) and injected strontium 90 (681 kbq/rat, one time) through abdominal cavity (strontium 90 and electric field complexed exposure group). In parallel, series with the electric field exposure only, strontium 90 injection only and control groups were run. Every group was consisted of 110 rats (55 male and 55 female). This animal experiment was performed from May to December in 1993. This results were conducted to investigate the effect of electric field for 11 weeks. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in rat's bone marrow cells: The ODC values was significantly increased in Sr$^{90}$ injection group and Sr$^{90}$ and electric field complexed exposure group as compared with that of control group (p<0.05). The ODC value was significantly decreased in electric field and Sr$^{90}$ complexed exposure group in comparison with Sr$^{90}$ injection group (p<0.05). The ODC values of electric field only exposure group was not different to that of control group (p>0.05). 2. The amount of Sr$^{90}$ accumulation in the femur, kidney and spleen:The accumulation amount of Sr$^{90}$ in the femur of Sr$^{90}$ injection group represented higher value than that of electric field and Sr$^{90}$ complexed exposure group (p<0.05). In the kidney and spleen, the difference between electric field and Sr$^{90}$ complexed exposure group and Sr$^{90}$ injection group wasn't observed. 3. The counts of white cells in blood of Sr9?injection group was decreased as compared with the value from control group and electric field and Sr$^{90}$ complexed exposure group (p<0.05). The rat's body weight, red blood cell counts and the weight data of liver, kidney and spleen did not show differences among four groups.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1995

The immune system is partially under the control of the sympathetic and parasymphathetic nervous systems through the regulatory feedback loop. Methamphetamine (MA) is a neurotoxic chemical which affects the neurotransmitter system. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunotoxic effect of MA on the major immune target organ and lymphocyte proliferation to the various mitogens. Female Balb/C mice, 15 to 20 g, were injected subcutaneously with 0, 0.5, or 5 mg MA/kg for 14 consecutive days. In MA treated mice, the body weight gain and relative spleen and thymus weight were decreased in doserelated manner. Histopathologically, there was a paucity of lymphold follicles and germinal centers in the spleen, and thymic cortical atrophy with lymphophagocytosis was prominent. Apoptosis also occurred in germinal centers of spleen and thymic cortex. The threshold and peak of lymphocyte proliferation at various concentration of mitogens showed similar patterns. However, the response to lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in the 5 mg MA/kg treated group showed threshold and peak proliferation at high concentration of mitogens (25${\mu}g$ LPS/ml for MA vs 15${\mu}g$ LPS/ml for control; 60${\mu}g$ PWM/ml for MA vs 45${\mu}g$ PWM/ml for control), which suggest that MA impairs T cell dependent-B cell function. This preliminary study indicated that MA affected the lymphold organs and immune function.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

This study was performed to determine the effect of Phyllostachys nigra var. henenis Strapf leaf extract on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with high and low dose of gamma-radiation. Phyllostachys nigra var. henenis Strapf administration before irradiation (I.P.: 125 mg/kg of body weight, at 24 hours before irradiation) resulted in an increase of the formation of endogenous spleen colony (p<0.01). The frequency of radiation-induced apoptosis was also reduced by pretreatment of Phyllostachys nigra var. henenis Strapf (I.P.: 280 mg/kg or 28 mg/kg of body weight, at 24 hours before irradiation, p<0.01). These results indicated that Phyllostachys nigra var. henenis Strapf might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic natural product. Further studies are needed to characterize better the promotion nature of Phyllostachys nigra var. henenis Strapf and its components.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2003

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been widely used as plasticizer, insulator, lubricant, paint and ink. The persistence of PCBs in the environment and their bioaccumulation in living organism make a raise concerns regarding their toxic effects in immune system and subsequent effects on human health. However little has been known about effect of PCB, an endocrine disrupter, on splenocytes. In this study, for identifying the effect on the organs and immune cell of mice by the concentration and time of commercial PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254), each 3 mice were tested at the concentration of 3, 30, 300, 1,000 mg/kg respectively, and their organ's weight were measured in 4, 7, 14 days, respectively. Also according to concentration and time, PCB was evaluated for the effects on splenocyte viability and lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and concanavaline A (Con A)-induced splenocyte proliferation on mice spleen. In liver and lung, there were significantly defferent by concentration and time of PCB (p < 0.0001). In respect of concentration of PCB, no significant effects on mice's liver by Aroclor 1254 concentration below than 300 mg/kg were observed except at the concentration of 1,000 mg/kg doses (p < 0.0001). But there was not significant different change in mice spleen by concentration and time of PCB (p=0.2206) and the mode of weight change of spleen was different to of liver and of lung. Viabilities of splenocytes were decreased following treatment with high concentration of PCB. Also, LPS and Con A-induced cell proliferations were decreased by Aroclor 1254 at 1,000 mg/kg. These data suggest that Aroclor 1254 is the immunotoxic compound that may have an effect on mouse immune system.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2012

In order to know the effect of pre-existing Trichinella spiralis infection on experimentally induced intestinal inflammation and immune responses, we induced colitis in T. spiralis-infected mice and observed the severity of colitis and the levels of Th1, Th2, and regulatory cytokines and recruitment of $CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^+$ T (regulatory T; $T_{reg}$) cells. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with 250 muscle larvae; after 4 weeks, induction of experimental colitis was performed using 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). During the induction period, we observed severity of colitis, including weight loss and status of stool, and evaluated the disease activity index (DAI). A significantly low DAI and degree of weight loss were observed in infected mice, compared with uninfected mice. In addition, colon length in infected mice was not contracted, compared with uninfected mice. We also observed a significant increase in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$, in spleen lymphocytes treated with DSS; however, such an increase was not observed in infected mice treated with DSS. Of particular interest, production of regulatory cytokines, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$, in spleen lymphocytes showed a significant increase in mice infected with T. spiralis. A similar result was observed in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Subsets of the population of $T_{reg}$ cells in MLN and spleen showed significant increases in mice infected with T. spiralis. In conclusion, T. spiralis infection can inhibit the DSS-induced colitis in mice by enhancing the regulatory cytokine and $T_{reg}$ cells recruitment.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.105-117
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• 2008

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effect of five element constitutional acupuncture(Sa-am acupuncture) therapy at acupoints on the Yin meridians on obese rats(Sprague Dawley strain, male) induced by high fat diet. Methods : The control and acupuncture groups were provided with high fat diet, and the acupuncture groups were treated with five element constitutional acupuncture(Sa-am acupuncture) every other day for five weeks. We observed the body weight gain, food intake, riglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, AST, and ALT. Result : The acupuncture group treated with five element acupuncture on the meridians of spleen, heart, pericardium showed significant decrease of body weight, the groups treated on the meridians of lung, heart, pericardium showed signigicant decrease of food intake. Concentration of HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased in the groups treated on the meridians of spleen, heart, pericardium, liver. Conclusion : Reviewing these experimental results, it appears that the five element constitutional acupuncture(Sa-am acupuncture) therapy at acupoints on the meridians of spleen, heart and pericardium have an efficacy on obesity induced by high fat diet.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2007

Objectives : We examined to know the effect of Cordyceps sinensis(CS) on arthritis mouse induced by type II collagen. Methods : To analyse immunomodulatory effects of CS, arthritis index, incidence, hind paw edema, DTH, spleen weight, the number of hemocytes, and surface-receptor expression of CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells in DBA/IJ mice which is experimental model of arthritis induced by collagen were measured in vivo. Results: CS reduced arthritis index, incidence, hind paw edema and DTH significantly as compared with the control group in experimental model of arthritis induced by collagen. CS enhanced the spleen weight significantly as compared with the control group but didn't enhanced the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes in experimental model of arthritis. CS enhanced the number of activating cells and surface-receptor expression of CD4+, CD8+ cells as compared with the control group but didn't enhanced those of CD19+ cells in experimental model of arthritis. Conclusion : We found out that CS may have a suppressing effect againist auto-immune disease and will be need continuous research in looking for the more effective mechanism in the future.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.82-88
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• 1998

LBO0014, a new recombinant human erythropoietin, was at dose levels of 0, 120, 600, and 3,000 IU/kg/day administered intravenously to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats during the organogenetic period. All dams were subjected to caesarean section on day 20 of pregnancy, Effects of test substance on dams and embryonic development of Fl fetuses were examined. No treatment-related changes in clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption were observed at all doses tested. At necropsy spleen enlargement was found at 3,000 lU/kg. There was an ulcrease in the spleen weight at 600 and 3,0007/kg. Developmental toxicity was evident as increased resorptions at 3,000 lU/kg. At 600 and 3,000 RJ/kg, retarded ossification of fetuses occurred at an incidence of 31.3% and 64.7%, respectively. In addition, there was a delay in ossification of sternebrae and sacrocaudal vertebrae at 600 and 3,000 lU/kg. A decrease in the number of metacarpi and metatarsi was also seen at 3,000 nJ/kg. The results show that the no observed adverse effect dose level (NOAEL) for material toxicity was over 3,000 IU/kg/day and the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was 120 IU/kg/day.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.713-720
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• 1996

To study the effect of caffeine intake levels on iron metabolism, the iron utilization, iron contents of serum, liver, spleen, kidney, hemoglobin and hematocrit were compared in rats of different sex fed various levels of caffeine (3.5 and 7.0mg/100g body weight) for three weeks. There were no significant caffeine induced differences in feed intake, body weight gain but feed intake of male rats were significantly lower than that of female rats. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and iron contents of the serum were not significantly different between caffeine free and caffeine groups or male and female rats. Iron contents of kidney were decreased by elevation of injected caffeine levels rather than those of liver and spleen. caffeine male groups showed more increased uine volume, urinary and fecal excretions of iron than caffeine free or caffeine female groups. Apparent digestibility and retention of iron were significantly decreased by increment of injected caffeine levels. Male rate rats were more susceptible to injected caffeine on iron excretion than female rats. Current findings suggest that excessive caffeine consumption can affect iron excretion via urine and feces thereby decrease the utilization of iron, and have more significant effect on male than female rats.