• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.107-111
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• 2010

Treponema denticola is a gram-negative anaerobe that can cause periodontal disease. The adhesion of this bacterium to host tissues is considered to be the primary event in the colonization and infection of a host. Fibrinogen is generally found in damaged tissues resulting from periodontitis. The binding ability of T. denticola to fibrinogen may therefore be an important virulence factor in inducing periodontal diseases. It has been reported recently that oral spirochetes can be labeled with fluorescent fatty acids and we speculated that this labeling method could be used in an oral spirochete binding assay. The binding of several different strains of T. denticola to immobilized human fibrinogen was therefore tested using the fluorescent fatty acid labeling method. In the case of immobilized fibrinogen, the T. denticola ATCC 35405 strain showed saturable binding to immobilized fibrinogen. Indeed, all four different T. denticola strains tested in this experiment, T. denticola ATCC 35405, T. denticola ATCC 33520, T. denticola ATCC 35404 and T. denticola OTK showed binding to fibrinogen. The fluorescent fatty acid labeling method thus shows utility in binding assays for T. denticola, different strains of which can generally bind to immobilized fibrinogen.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.376-389
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• 1994

A study was conducted to compare the effects of chlorhexidine mouthrinse and chlorhexidine acetate powder with periodontal pack during 4 weeks following periodontal surgery. Twelve patients were treated with Modified Widman flap procedures and devided into three groups of four patients each; control group, chlorhexidine mouthrinse group, chlorhexidine acetate powder group. Each group wasn't significant difference in clinical and microbiologic parameters at preoperation. Examination regarding plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, change of gingival color postsurgically, pain index were performed by each methods and observed bacteria in gingiva by phase contrast microscope. Evaluations were made at 7, 14 and 28 days postsurgically. The results were as follows: l. In comparison of results revealed no significant differences in Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket depth and change of gingival color postsurgically. 2. The pocket depth of three experimental groups were significant reduced at 4 weeks. 3. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse group and chlorhexidine acetate powder group with periodontal pack were significant differences in pain index at 3, 4 days postsurgically. 4. Cocci and Non-motile rods were increased at 1, 2 weeks. But, motile rod and spirochete were increased at 4 weeks.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.406-420
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Chlorhexidine, Listerine and hypertonic saline mouthrinse without periodontal pack during 2 weeks following periodontal surgery. Twelve patients were treated with modified Widman flap procedures. Each fourth patients assigned to chlorhexidine mouthrinse group, Listerine mouthrinse group and control group. Each group wasn't significant difference in clinical and microbiologic parameters at preoperation. Examination regarding plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, change of gingival color postsurgically, pain index and contrast phase microscope were performed. Evaluations were made at the first, the second and the fourth weeks postsurgically. The results were as follows: 1. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse group and Listerine mouthrinse group were significantly different in plaque index at the first, the second and the fourth weeks 2. The pocket depth of three groups were significantly reduced at the fourth weeks. 3. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse group and Listerine mouthrinse group were significantly different in change of gingival color at the first week. 4. Cocci and non-motile rods were increased at the first and the second weeks. But, motile rods and spirochete were increased at the fourth weeks.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.85-87
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• 2010

We experienced a rare case of solitary syphilitic osteomyelitis of the skull without any other clinical signs or symptoms of syphilis. A 20-year-old man was referred due to intermittent headache and mild tenderness at the right parietal area of the skull with a palpable coin-sized lesion of softened cortical bone. On radiological studies, the lesion was a radiolucent well enhanced mass (17 mm in diameter). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (52 mm/h) and C-reactive protein (2.24 mg/dL) were elevated on admission. Serum venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) tests were positive. There were no clinical signs or symptoms of syphilis. After treatment with benzathine penicillin, we removed the lesion and performed cranioplasty. The pathologic finding of the skull lesion was fibrous proliferation with lymphoplasmocytic infiltration forming an osteolytic lesion. In addition, a spirochete was identified using the Warthin-starry stain. The polymerase chain reaction study showed a positive band for Treponema pallidum. Solitary osteomyelitis of the skull can be the initial presenting pathological lesion of syphilis.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

There are estimated to be about 700 species of bacteria in the oral cavity. Based on epidemiological investigations, some of these strains have been proposed as the pathogens responsible for oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Since electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water has been shown to have beneficial effects on human immunity, its use has increased. In our study, the antibacterial activity of hydrogen-rich water for oralagainst bacteria associated with oral disease was evaluated. The bacterial strains Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were cultured in specific growth medium. S. mutans, F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis were soaked to thein both hydrogen water and tap water for 30 sec and then inoculated onto mitis-salivarius agar and brain heart infusion agar including supplemented withvitamin K and hemin, respectively. The numbers of bacterial colonies were then measured after cultivation for 48 hours. In the case of T. forsythia, which does not grow well on agar plates, inoculations into modified new oral spirochete (NOS) broth were performed and growth curve analysis was undertaken every day with a spectrophotometer. Hydrogen water showed antibacterial activity against all four bacterial strains in comparison with tap-water. We conclude from this that hydrogen water may have a positive impact on oral hygiene by helping to remove cariogenic bacteria and periodontopathogens.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.675-685
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• 2005

Bone resorption involves sequential stages of osteoclast precursor migration and differentiation of osteoclast precursors into multinucleated osteoclasts. Stromal cell derived factor (SDF)-1 is a chemotactic factor for osteoclast precursor migration. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is involved in migration of osteoclast precursors and activation of $interleukin(IL)-1{\beta}$. Alveolar bone destruction is a characteristic feature of periodontal disease. Treponema lecithinolyticum is a oral spirochete isolated from the periodontal lesions. The effect of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) from T. lecithinolyticum on expression of SDF-1 and MMP-9 was examined in cocultures of bone marrow cells and osteblasts derived from mouse calvariae. T. lecithinolyticum LPS increased expression of MMP-9 in the coculture. Polymyxin B, an inhibitor of LPS, abolished the increase of MMP-9 mRNA expression by LPS. LPS did not increase the expression of SDF-1, $IL-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis $factor(TNF)-{\alpha}$ mRNA in cocultures. Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ up-regulated the expression of MMP-9 and NS398, an inhibitor of $PGE_2$ synthesis, down-regulated the induction of MMP-9 expression by T. lecitbinolyticm LPS. These results suggest that T. lecitbinolyticm LPS increases MMP-9 expression in bone cells via $PGE_2$ and that the induction of MMP-9 expression by T. lecitbinolyticm LPS is involved in alveolar bone destruction of periodontitis patients by the increase of osteoclast precursor migration and the activation of bone resorption-inducing cytokine.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.479-484
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• 2004

Immunoinhibitory protein extracted from sonicated Treponema denticola have been shown to suppress cell cycle progression of human lymphocytes. To study in detail about the effect of this microorganism on the function of lymphocytes. we investigated the levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) production by T lymphocytes before and after the addition of $12.5{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ T. denticola sonicated extracts. In this study. levels of IL-2 and IL-4 produced from T cells pretreated with sonicated extracts were evaluated by using the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. In response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. T cell produced increased levels of IL-2 and IL-4. However. the expressions of both cytokines were significantly inhibited when PHA activated-T cells were pre-exposed to sonicated T. denticola extracts (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the T. denticola sonicated extracts induced-immunosuppression in Th1 and Th2 cell functions could be a part of the pathogenic mechanism of the endodontic failure associated with this microorganism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1455-1468
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the objectives and contents of basic medical sciences at department of nursing in college of nursing, and junior college of nursing, thus ultimately providing the basic data to standardize the curriculum of the basic medical sciences in nursing education. Seventy eight professors who were in charge of teaching basic medical sciences to at 22 colleges of nursing/ department of nursing, and 20 junior colleges of nursing responded to the questionnaires that consisted of the questions regarding objectives and contents, of basic medical sciences. Based on the description of objectives, the description related to nursing, nurse, nursing science was cathegorized as on objective applicable to nursing science, the description related to medicine or clinical medicine as medical model, the description without description related to medicine was cathegorized as knowledge acquisition. The number of schools corresponding to each category were summerized in descending order. The objectives of basic medical sciences were categorized by concepts and number of schools corresponding to the categorized concept. The findings of the study are as follows ; 1. The subjects of basic medical science identified were physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology in most colleges of nursing and junior colleges. Two colleges of nursing/department of nursing (9.1%) and 19 junior colleges of nursing(95%) did not offer biochemistry, 1 college of nursing /department of nursing(5%) did not offer pathology & pharmacology. 2 junior colleges of nursing (10%) did not offer pharmacology, 1 junior college of nursing(5%) did not offer pathology. The other 1 junior college of nursing did not offer microbiology. 2. Objectives of physiology were to acquire knowledge and understanding on human function in both 6 (50%) colleges and 5 junior colleges. Objectives of anatomy were to acquire knowledge on human structure in both 4 (57%) colleges and 2 (50%) junior colleges; knowledge applicable to nursing sciences in both 3 (42.8%) colleges and 2 (50%) junior colleges. Objectives of biochemistry was to obtain knowledge and understanding on biochemistry, and understanding of basic concepts about biochemistry. Objectives of pathology were to obtain knowledge and understanding on pathology in both 4 (57.1%) colleges and 5(62.5%) junior colleges. Objectives of microbiology were to acquire knowledge and understanding on microbiology in both 5(83.8%) colleges and 6(85.7%) junior colleges. Objectives of pharmacology were to acquire knowledge on pharmacology in both 7(100%) colleges and 8(100%) junior colleges. 3. Contents of physiology in 19 (100%) schools were membrane transport, digestion, circulation, nervous system and respiration. In 16(84.2%) were kidney and muscle, that in 13(68.4%) were endocrine physiology. In 11(57.9%) were introduction and that in 9(47.4%) were structure and function of cells. Contents of anatomy in 11(100%) schools were skeletal system, muscle system, digestive system, circulatory system, concepts regarding human structure. In 10(90.9%) schools were endocrine system and nervous system, and in 5(45.5%) schools were blood, urinary system and cell. Contents of biochemistry in 6(100%) schools were history of biochemistry, body regulating factor, bioenergy, health and nutrition, nutrition of cell, energy production system. In 5(83.3%) schools were metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and enzyme, and in 3(50%) schools were metabolism of energy and fat. Contents of microbiology in 13(100%) schools were environment and influenc of bacteria, virus, G(-) rods, purulent cocci, G(+) rods. In 10 (76.9%) were immunity, diphtheria, enterobacteria, and in 9(69.2%) were spirochete, rickettsia and clamydia, and that in 6(46.2%) were sterilization and disinfection. Contents of pathology in 14(100%) schools were cell injury and adaptation, inflammation, respiratory diseases, circulatory diseases. In 10(71.4%) were neurological disorders, in 8(57.1%) were immunity and disease, and in 7 (50%) were tumor and progressive changes. Contents of pharmacology in 15(100%) were cardivascular drugs, introduction to pharmacology, hypnotics, analgesics, local anesthetics, an ticonvulsants. In 12(80%) were drugs activity on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and in 11(73%) were sulfa drugs, antibiotics, drug abuse and addiction.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.503-513
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• 1986

Previous studies have developed the technique of topical application of tetracycline(TC) into the periodontal pockets and examined the change of clinical parameters and subgingival microbial morphotypes. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally examine the clinical and microbiological effects of topically applied TC in a double-blind and split-mouth design. Thirteen patients with moderate periodontitis, who were treated with or without TC application and scaling treatment, were examined. TC gel(3%) was used to apply into the selected periodontal pockets twice a week for 2 weeks. During the experiment, clinical parameters and subgingival microbial morphotypes were examined, and for isolation of black-pigmented Bacteroides(BPB) and streptococci, an anaerobic sample culturing was done at week 0, 2, and 7. In clinical observation the TC-scaled group exhibited a significant decrease of Gingival Inflammatory Index, Plaque Index, Sulcus Bleeding Index, pocket depth, and gingival crevicular fluid when compared to the TC-unsealed, placebo-scaled, and placebo-unsealed groups. The result of microbial morphotype observation showed a significant increase of coccal form and a decrease of spirochetes in the TC-scaled, TC-unscaled, and placebo-scaled groups. The culture study of streptococci revealed that TC with scaling treatment resulted in a significant increase of S. sanguis I at week 2, but its proportion had returned to the base line level. The anaerobic culture study showed that BPB was significantly reduced in the TC-scaled and TC-unsealed groups at week 7. Among BPB species, B. intermedius declined significantly with time treatment(week 2 and 7) in the TC-scaled and TC-unsealed groups. These results suggest that the settled pathogenic microflora can be succeeded by nonpathogenic microflora in periodontal pockets after TC treatment.