• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1324-1330
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• 2017

Complete genome sequences of three new plant RNA viruses, Spinach deltapartitivirus 1 (SpDPV1), Spinach amalgavirus 1 (SpAV1), and Spinach latent virus (SpLV), were identified from a spinach (Spinacia oleracea) transcriptome dataset. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) of SpDPV1, SpAV1, and SpLV showed 72%, 53%, and 93% amino acid sequence identities with the homologous RdRp of the most closely related virus, respectively, suggesting that SpDPV1 and SpAV1 were novel viruses. Sequence similarity and phylogenetic analyses revealed that SpDPV1 belonged to the genus Deltapartitivirus of the family Partitiviridae, SpAV1 to the genus Amalgavirus of the family Amalgaviridae, and SpLV to the genus Ilarvirus of the family Bromoviridae. Based on the demarcation criteria, SpDPV1 and SpAV1 are considered as novel species of the genera Deltapartitivirus and Amalgavirus, respectively. This is the first report of these two viruses from spinach.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2017

The effect of fermented spinach extracts on color development in cured meats was investigated in this study. The pH values of raw cured meats without addition of fermented spinach extract or nitrite (negative control) were higher (p<0.05) than those added with fermented spinach extract. The pH values of raw and cooked cured meats in treatment groups were decreased with increasing addition levels of fermented spinach extract. The lightness and yellowness values of raw cured meats formulated with fermented spinach extract were higher (p<0.05) than those of the control groups (both positive and negative controls). The redness values of cooked cured meats were increased with increasing fermented spinach extract levels, whereas the yellowness values of cooked cured meats were decreased with increasing levels of fermented spinach extract. The lowest volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were observed in the positive control group with addition of nitrite. TBARS values of cured meats added with fermented spinach extract were decreased with increasing levels of fermented spinach extract and VBN values of curing meat with 30% fermented spinach extract was lower than the other treatments. Total viable bacterial counts in cured meats added with fermented spinach extract ranged from 0.34-1.01 Log CFU/g. E. coli and coliform bacteria were not observed in any of the cured meats treated with fermented spinach extracts or nitrite. Residual nitrite contents in treatment groups were increased with increasing levels of fermented spinach extract added. These results demonstrated that fermented spinach could be added to meat products to improve own curing characteristics.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.278-289
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• 2012

This study investigated the quality characteristics of $Jajang$ noodles with added spinach (20%, 30% and 50% based on water). Significant increases ($p$<0.05) were found in cooked weight, water absorption of cooked noodles, turbidity of soup, while soup volume did not changed in proportion to the addition of spinach. Decrease of L and a values and an increase of b values were shown with the increase of spinach concentration. For textural properties, hardness was the lowest in 50% spinach noodles and the highest in 20% spinach noodles. The cohesiveness and springiness values of 20% and 30% spinach noodles were superior to those of the control, but a rise in spinach concentration (50%) lead to a reduction these values. In a sensory evaluation, the most acceptable sample was the 30% spinach noodle sample. These results suggest an addition of 30% spinach is suitable for spinach $Jajang$ noodle processing.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.403-413
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics, including sensory and physical properties, of hamburger patties added with spinach as a source of fiber. Hamburger patties were prepared with spinach at five different levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. Moisture contents of the groups with spinach were significantly higher than that of the control group. Crude fat and crude protein contents of the control group were higher than those of the group with spinach. Crude ash content of the control group was the lowest among the groups. No significant difference in pH was observed among the groups. The cooking loss rates of groups with spinach were significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. No significant difference in L value was observed among the groups. However, a value of the control group was higher than those of the groups with spinach. Otherwise, b value of the control group was lower than those of the groups with spinach. The hardness levels of the control groups were significantly higher than those of groups with spinach. In the quantitative descriptive analysis, green color and bitter taste of the groups with spinach were stronger than that of the control group. The preference levels for appearance of the groups with 10 to 15% spinach were higher than those of the other groups, including the control groups. Overall acceptabilities of the groups with 5 to 15% spinach were significantly higher than those of the other groups. In conclusion, spinach can increase the acceptability of hamburger patties, and 10 to 15% would appear to be the proper added amount.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2012

This research evaluated and analyzed the level of acceptability of spinach according to blanching time by testing consumer taste of corresponding countries for the purpose of globalizing Korean food. General taste, appearance, flavor, and texture of spinach blanched for 20 seconds were highly evaluated by Koreans and Japanese ($p$<0.05), who are used to the method of slightly blanching, mixing, and eating spinach. On the other hand, general taste, appearance, flavor, and texture of spinach blanched for 5 minutes was highly evaluated by the French ($p$<0.05), who are used to eating boiled spinach. Concerning the result of JAR, there were clear differences in hardness and boiling level according to country among spinach samples, even though they were blanched for the same time and mixed with the same spices. Koreans and Japanese evaluated that hardness and boiling level of spinach blanched for 20 seconds were proper, whereas the French evaluated that spinach scalded for 20 seconds was too raw and crispy. Under the same context, French consumers evaluated that hardness and boiling level of spinach blanched for 5 minutes was proper, whereas Koreans and Japanese evaluated that spinach blanched for 5 minutes was boiled too much. These results show that familiarity level is an important driver of affecting the preference levels for three kinds of spinach according to country.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.286-290
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• 1998

The effects of cooking methods and storage time on folate content in spinach were determined by boiling for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 20min in distilled water or by microwave blanching for 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 sec. The folate content of cooked spinach was decreased to 80.7% after 1min boiling, and to 5.5% after 20min boiling. The folate recovered from the cooked spinach and cooking water was 101.1% after 1min, 68.0% after 2min and 51.3% after 3min. The relative folate content leached out of the cooked spinach into the cooking water varied from 20.2% after 1min boiling to 88.8% after 20min boiling. Total folate content of spinach was decreased to 45% by microwave heating for 40sec. However, the spinach cooked by microwave heating retained more folate due to the minimal loss of folate into cooking water. More than 90% of folate content of spinach was retained during 1 to 2 weeks of storage at 4$^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.1397-1405
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• 2009

본 연구는 내륙과 섬에서 재배되는 시금치의 성분과 관능평가를 비교하기 위하여 육지에서 재배하는 포항초와 전남신안군에 위치하고 있는 비금 섬초의 품종별 일반성분, 무기질 함량, 게르마늄 함량, 유기산 함량, 유리당 함량, 비타민A, C, E 함량, 색도측정, 관능평가를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 일반성분은 수분과 회분은 포항초에서 높게 나타났고 조 단백과 탄수화물, 조 섬유에서는 비금 섬초의 중생종에서 높게 나타났으며, 조 지방 함량은 포항초와 비금 섬초에서 비슷하게 나타났다. 무기질 함량은 포항초는 칼륨, 아연 함량은 높게 나타났으며, 칼슘, 철, 마그네슘, 망간, 나트륨 함량은 낮게 나타났다. 비금 섬초의 경우 중만생종은 칼슘, 칼륨, 망간, 나트륨 함량이 포항초에 비해 높았으며, 만생종은 철분, 마그네슘, 망간, 아연 함량이 높게 나타났다. 중생종은 철분, 구리, 아연 함량만 높게 나타났으며, 조생종은 철분과 구리 함량을 제외하고 다른 성분은 낮게 나타났음을 알 수 있었다. 게르마늄 함량의 경우 비금 섬초의 만생종에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 조생종, 중생종, 중만생종에서는 비슷하게 나타난 반면, 포항초에서는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 유기산의 함량은 옥살산, 구연산, 말산, 개미산의 함량은 비금 섬초의 만생종과 조생종에서 대체로 높게 나타났으며 포항초는 호박산, 초산 함량이 높게 나타났다. 유산, 주석산은 포항초와 비금 섬초에서 모두 검출되지 않았다. 유리당 함량은 유당을 제외한 모든 당이 비금 섬초에서 높게 나타났으며 특히 조생종과 만생종에서 높게 나타났다. 비타민 A의 함량은 중생종이 약간 낮게 나타난 것을 제외하고는 거의 비슷하게 나타났으며, 비타민 C 함량은 비금 섬초가 포항초에 비해 3배 정도 높게 나타났다. 비타민 E 함량은 중만생종을 제외한 비금 섬초에서 포항초에 비해 높게 나타났다. 데치기 전 명도는 포항초와 섬초의 종별 사이에 유의적인 차이는 없었고, 적색도는 중만생종과 만생종이 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 황색도는 만생종과 조생종이 높게 나타났다. 데친 후 명도는 비금 섬초의 중만생종이 가장 높게 나타났고, 조생종이 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 적색도는 만생종과 중생종이 가장 높았으며, 중만생종이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 황색도는 만생종이 가장 낮았고, 조생종이 가장 높게 나타났으며 포항초와 비금 섬초의 종간의 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 데친 후 관능평가를 한 결과 색을 제외한 맛, 단맛, 질감, 좋아함에서 포항초에 비해 섬초의 조생종이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높게 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 1985

This experiment was investigated on weight loss, vitamin C content, and its relationship to evaluate visual quality during spinach consignment from a viewpoint of consumer. Vitamin C content of spinach leaf, 35.38mg% fresh weight, was 3 times higher than those of stem. Under $20^{\circ}C$ of spinach consignment, the spinach was edible in a half day of unpackage and 3 days with package. However, under $10^{\circ}C$ of spinach consignment, it was good through 6-7 days with unpackged and 10 days with package. Weight and vitamin C content of stem and leaf in spinach during consignment were closely related to the temperature condition at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$ in both of package and unpackage. The regression equation of relationship between loss(X) and vitamin C loss(Y) of spinach, during consignment with Package and unpackage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ was Y=21.30X+40.32(r=0.69.)

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.510-515
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 셀레늄 강화 시금치의 항산화 활성을 측정하여 무처리군와 비교하여 증가된 항산화 활성을 관찰하고자 하였다. 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mg/mL의 농도를 이용하여 무처리 시금치와 셀레늄 강화 시금치의 항산화 활성을 in vitro 실험을 통해 관찰하였다. 셀레늄 함량은 무처리 시금치의 경우 $61.19{\pm}2.35mg/kg$, 셀레늄 강화시금치의 경우 $239.0{\pm}3.73mg/kg$으로 셀레늄 강화시금치에서 약 3.9배 증가되었다. DPPH radical 소거능은 무처리 시금치에 비해 셀레늄 강화 시금치가 모든 농도에서 약 11~12% 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. ABTS radical 소거능은 0.10 mg/mL의 낮은 농도에서 무처리 시금치에 비해 셀레늄 강화시금치에서 22.9%의 높은 증가율을 나타냈으며, 셀레늄 강화 시금치의 경우 무처리 시금치에 비해 유의적으로 높은 소거 능력이 나타났다. NO radical 소거능 또한 같은 농도에서 비교했을 때 셀레늄 강화 시금치의 경우 무처리 시금치에 비해 유의적으로 높은 소거 능력을 보여주었으며, 활성 산소 종 및 유리기에 전자를 공여하는 환원력에서도 무처리 시금치에 비해 셀레늄 강화 시금치에서 더 높은 활성이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 시금치에 함유된 여러 항산화성분과 더불어 강화 처리로 인해 증가된 셀레늄이 효과적으로 여러 활성산소종의 소거에 관여하여 항산화능의 상승효과에 관여하였다고 사료되어진다.

• 환경생물
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.400-404
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• 2003

This study was to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation on the germination, nutrient concentrations and growth of spinach and radish. Both the spinach and radish seeds exhibited relatively higher germination rates in response to the low doses of gamma irradiation compared to the non -irradiated control. Leaf DW of the radish did not respond to gamma irradiation but that of the spinach increased significantly in response to a gamma radiation of 4 Gy (P< 0.05). Leaf growth parameters of the spinach including the leaf area and SLA (leaf area/leaf dry weight) also demonstrated increased responses to gamma irradiation. R/S (root dry weight/shoot dry weight), root DW and root length of the spinach exhibited a positive response to gamma irradiation while those of the radish did not. In contrast, SRL (root length/root dry weight) significantly decreased with gamma irradiation at 8 Gy for the spinach, but not for the radish. The tissue nitrogen concentrations of the spinach showed an increased response to gamma irradiation while that of the radish did not. Furthermore, higher concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were found in the irradiated spinach, but not in the irradiated radish. It seems that the non-specific physiological and/or biochemical activities of spinach might be accelerated by gamma irradiation, possibly accounting for the stimulation of nutrient uptake from the root media and early biomass accumulation in the current study.