• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.713-716
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• 2002

Biogenic amine levels in irradiated doenjang, Korean fermented soybean paste, were investigated during fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. Biogenic amines detected in doenjang were putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, $\beta$-phenylethylamine, spermidine, spermine, histamne, tyramine and agmatine. Agmatine showed the most highest level among biogenic amines detected in doenjang during fermentation. Most biogenic amines, such as putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, $\beta$-phenylethylamine, spermidine, histamne and tyramine, significantly decreased 20~60% by gamma irradiation during fermentation, while spermine and agmatine did not. Therefore, gamma irradiation can be applied to inhibit the biogenic amines formation in doenjang during fermentation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.256-259
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• 2021

Currently, button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus is one of the most consumed mushroom in the world. However, despite of its importance in food market, molecular genetic modification method for breeding of A. bisporus is not well established. In this study, we optimized yield of A. bisporus protoplast with Lysing enzyme, Chimax-N and cellulase. With this composition, 1.0 × 10⁸/mL of protoplasts were obtained reliably. PEG-mediated transformation with spermidine showed almost 100-fold higher yield than non-spermidine method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 2017

Dimethylamine (DMA), nitrate, nitrite, and biogenic amines (BA) are precursors of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. This study investigated contamination levels of DMA, nitrate, nitrite, and BA in various types of Korean commercial kimchi such as Baechu kimchi, Kkakduki, Chonggak kimchi, Matkimchi, ripened Baechu kimchi, and Baek kimchi. The average DMA, nitrate, and nitrite levels in Baechu kimchi were 29.7, 2,178.8, and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Low levels of DMA and nitrate were detected in Kkakduki. Tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and spermidine were detected in kimchi with exclusion of Baek kimchi and Chonggak kimchi. Tryptamine in Baek kimchi was only present in trace amount, and spermidine was not detected in Chonggak kimchi. The average tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and spermidine levels in Baechu kimchi were 15.0, 64.6, 18.0, 44.0, and 7.8 mg/kg, respectively. A low level of tyramine was detected in Kkakduki. In addition, contamination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in Kkakduki at a level of $1.38{\mu}g/kg$. Daily exposure to NDMA in the consumer only group was estimated using average daily Kkakduki consumption and average body weight of the total population. The estimated daily intake of NDMA by Kkakduki was $2.31{\times}10^{-7}mg/kg\;b.w./d.$ The margin of exposure to NDMA for the general population was 259,924. Accordingly, the health risk from NDMA caused by intake of Kkakduki was considered to be very low.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.310-317
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• 2001

The regenerated-bulblets placed in liquid free media resulted in good formation of roots and bulblets. On 1/4 MS free medium, roots and bulblets were predominantly induced. The 1/4 MS liquid medium supplemented with plant growth regulators was the best suitable condition for elongation of leaves and roots. Somatic embryos were frequently developed from embryogenic callus in liquid media with 2,4-D 1mg/ l . On free liquid media, the viability of callus reduced. As the salt strength of MS media reduces, the viability of callus reduced significantly. However, Leaves were induced from several callus clumps. When leaves, roots and bulb-scale segments were placed on MS media containing NAA 1mg/ l or 2,4-D 1mg/ l and various sucrose concentration, the best result about the differentiation, growth of leaf and the differentiation of leaf was obtained on MS media added 1.5% sucrose and 2,4-D 1mg/ l, 3% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l, and 1.5% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l, respectively. Also the better result differentiation, growth of root and differentiation of bulb was obtained on MS media with 6% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l. Spermidine promoted the growth of leaf and the differentiation of bulb. However, spermine promoted the differentiation of leaf, the differentiation and the growth of root in MS solid media. On the MS liquid media, both spermine and spermidine stimulated organogenesis from bulb-scale segments. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatizated and grown in greenhouse in vermiculite + perlite (1 : 1 by volume) well. The optimal soil condition of rooting for plantlets regenerated was in peat moss.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2001.10b
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• pp.101-102
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• 2001

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.385-392
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• 1996

Changes in polyamine titers and enzyme activities during radicle growth of Glycine max were studied in order to investigate the effect of ferulic acid in regulation of polyamine biosynthesis. Among eight compounds used, gallic acid stimulated the radicle growth and ferulic acid inhibited it significantly. During the radicle growth of Glycine max, the content of putrescine was shown the highest level at the second day, while at the fourth day spermidine was the highest and spermine followed. Ornithine decarboxylass (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) seems to be responsible for biosynthesis of putrescine. As the concentration of ferulic acid (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mM) treated increased, the content of spermine was gradually enhanced and putrescine was increased at 0.001~0.01 mM, decreased after 0.1 mM concentration but spermidine was not affected. Ferulic acid elevated ODC and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylass (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.50) activity. ODC activity was increased more than 120% and SAMDC activity was increased about 50% more than that of the control. Diamine oxidase (DAO EC, 1.4.3.6) activity was enhanced about 20% at low concentration, decreased after then.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.186-190
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of polyamines, salt strength. sucrose and gelling agents on the regeneration of plantlets by meristem culture of Aloe arborescens Mill. and Aloe vera L.. Shoot multiplication was more effective when 10mg/ l spermine in Aloe arborescens and 1mg/ l spermidine in Aloe vera added into MS medium than when other polyamines were treated into media. A quarter strength of MS medium was effective for rooting of shoots regenerated. Higher concentration of sucrose (45g/ l) was more effective for shoot regeneration. Addition of 4g/ l gelrite into the medium was effective for induction of multiple shoots from Aloe than that of agar or other concentrations of gelrite. When plantlets regenerated from meristem culture were transferred to pot. survival rate of plantlets was 80% on perlite and was 95% on vermiculite. respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1996

To study the compensatory aspect of putrescine biosynthetic enzyme n tobacco suspension cultured cells, we examined the contents of the cellular polyamines and the activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) in the tobacco suspension cells treated with $\alpha$-difluoromethyl arginine (DFMA) or $\alpha$-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO). In the untreated cells, the content of the cellular putrescine was decreased during the first 3 hours and then subsequently increased. However, the content of the cellular spermidine and spermine remained constant during the incubation time. While ADC activity increased after 6 hours, ODC activity decreased following the rapid increase until 6 hours. DFMA induced the decrease in the contents of putrescine and spermidine, and the increase in that of spermine. It also caused the inhibition of ADC and ODC activities throughout the incubation time. DFMO produced the stimulation of ADC activity about 2 times of untreated cells and the decrease in the content of putrescine about 50% of them at 12 hour. The application of putrescine or cycloheximide prevented the increase of ADC activity by DFMO but that of actinomycin-D did not show any detectable effect. The stimulation of ADC activity by DFMO in tobacco suspension cultured cells was probably due to the enhancement of de novo synthesis for ADC protein, which might be regulated in the translation step by the content of the cellular putrescine.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 1995

The role of polyamines in skeletal myoblast differentiation was investigated using the polyamine metabolic inhibitor methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)(MGBG). Concentrations of intracellular free spermidine and spermine increased 2 to 2.5-fold at the onset of myoblast fusion. The systhesis of actin, and creatine kinase activity both dramatically increased during myotube formation. However, MGBG at a concentration of 0.5 mM not only abolished the increase of intracellular free polyamines, but also reduced cell fusion to almost half the level of untreated cells, without noticeable morphological alteration. The production of actin, and creatine kinase activity were almost completely abolished by MGBG. The inhibition of myoblast fusion by MGBG was partially recovered with 0.1 mM of spermidine or spermine added externally. Results indicate that polyamines are necessary for normal myoblast differentiation. Since the first indication of myoblast differentiation is alignment of muscle cells and membrane fusion of adjacent cells, and since polyamine depletion completely inhibited the synthesis of actin, which might be associted with membranes, polyamine might be involved in myoblast differentiation through membrane reorganization events.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous in living cells and are essential for eukaryotic cell growth. These polycations interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, acidic proteins and phospholipids and modulate various cellular functions including macromolecular synthesis. Dysregulation of the polyamine pathway leads to pathological conditions including cancer, inflammation, stroke, renal failure and diabetes. Increase in polyamines and polyamine synthesis enzymes is often associated with tumor growth, and urinary and plasma contents of polyamines and their metabolites have been investigated as diagnostic markers for cancers. Of these, diacetylated derivatives of spermidine and spermine are elevated in the urine of cancer patients and present potential markers for early detection. Enhanced catabolism of cellular polyamines by polyamine oxidases (PAO), spermine oxidase (SMO) or acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO), increases cellular oxidative stress and generates hydrogen peroxide and a reactive toxic metabolite, acrolein, which covalently incorporates into lysine residues of cellular proteins. Levels of protein-conjuagated acrolein (PC-Acro) and polyamine oxidizing enzymes were increased in the locus of brain infarction and in plasma in a mouse model of stroke and also in the plasma of stroke patients. When the combined measurements of PC-Acro, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated, even silent brain infarction (SBI) was detected with high sensitivity and specificity. Considering that there are no reliable biochemical markers for early stage of stroke, PC-Acro and PAOs present promising markers. Thus the polyamine metabolites in plasma or urine provide useful tools in early diagnosis of cancer and stroke.