• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1764-1768
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• 2004

This study was performed to examine the levels of biogenic amines (BAs) in foods of animal origin such as egg, ham, sausage, milk, cheese and yoghurt distributed on Korean domestic markets, and to compare the results with those of western countries. Egg yolk had more BAs than egg white. BAs detected in ham samples were the highest level in barbecued tender loin ham. Sausage samples had less BAs than ham samples. However, the delicatessen sausages had significantly higher levels of histamine than the other sausage samples (p<0.001). Cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were detected in market milks and their concentrations were very low compared with other samples. In Cheddar cheese, tyramine (44.46${\pm}$0.83 ${\mu}$g/g) was the major BA. The major BA of stirred yoghurt samples was histamine. These results suggest that BAs of the foods of animal origin distributed on Korean domestic markets were not much different from those of western countries and would not cause any harmful effect to consumers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.457-466
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• 1997

The effects of DFMO or/and putrescine on the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of CEM cells were studied to investigate the role of polyamines in anti-leukemic glucocorticoid action. Dexamethasone- induced apoptosis was preceded by significant decreases of cellular polyamine contents and putrescine uptake activity. But DFMO produced decreases of putrescine and spermidine contents and marked increase of putrescine uptake activity, but did not induce apoptosis. However, dexamethasone and DFMO, respectively, induced $G_1-arrest$ in cell cycle and hypophosphorylation of pRb, resulting in the increase of $G_1$ to S ratio and decrease of CEM cell count. DFMO enhanced the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis and $G_1-arrest$. On the other hand, putrescine little affected the apoptotic and $G_1-arresting$ activities of dexamethasone, but almost suppress the effects of DFMO and also the DFMO-dependent enhancement of dexamethasone effects. These results suggested that the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis to be associated with pRb hypophosphorylation and $G_1-arrest$ in CEM cells might be ascribed to the concomitant decreases of cellular polyamine contents and putrescine uptake activity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.168-170
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• 2005

The myeolchi-jeot samples were divided into different groups with or without the supplementation with biogenic amines. Subsequently, the samples were placed in an oven at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr to allow the chemical reaction to proceed, and then were analyzed for N-nitrosamine contents using GC-TEA. N-nitrosamine was not detected in any of the myeolchi-jeot samples which had been treated with/without sodium nitrite. On the other hand, the yield of N-nitrosopyrrolidine from 1,000 mg/kg of putrescine and spermidine in the myeolchi-jeot samples (treated with 5 mg/kg of sodium nitrite) was 0.002 and 0.014%, respectively. N-nitrosamine was not produced from any other biogenic amines like, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine and spermine. In addition, curing and heating were the factors which influenced the formation of N-nitrosamine during the nitrosation of biogenic polyamines. For the formation of N-nitrosamine in the food systems, treatment with sodium nitrite and heating at appropriate temperature along with the satisfied supplementation of biogenic polyamines are required.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.588-592
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• 1988

A chiral recognition was observed in aminolysis of 3-acyl-4(S)-isopropyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione by racemic amine to give an optically active amide (S-excess) and amine (R-excess). This procedure can be applied to synthesis of macrocyclic diamide macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid, and peptide. The rate of this aminolysis is remarkably affected by steric surrounding; completion of reaction can be easily judged by the disappearance of the original yellow color of 4(S)-AITT. These features of the aminolysis suggested a potential recognition racemic amines by a chiral 4 (S)-AITT derivative. Thus 4 (S)-AITT was synthesized from 4 (S)-isopropyl-1, 3-thiazolidine-2-thione and carboxylic acids.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 1989

The effect of IAA on lysine decarboxylase(LDC)activity, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and the polyamine level in seedlings of soybean were investigated. The seedlings of soybean were treated with IAA (10-8M, 10-6M, 10-4M) and LDC activity, DAO activity and polyamine levels of cotyledon, elongating hypocotyl, elongated hypocotyl and the root were measured after 4, 6, 8, 10 days. Increased concentration of IAA stimulated the LDC activity and increased the level of polyamine in the seedlings, which reducing the DAO activity and polyamine level was increased in the seedlings. The light also stimulated the IAA effect on polyamine level and DAO activity, and polyamine level was higher in the seedlings grown in the light than those in the dark. Cadaverine was the most abundant polyamine in the seedlings of soybean. The levels of diamines, cadaverine, putrescine were higher in the elongated hypocotyl and root than in the elongating hypocotyl, but the levels of spermidine and spermine were relatively higher in the cotyledon than in the other parts. Accumulation of diamines by high concentration of IAA is postulated to be a phenomenon of inhibition in seedlings growth.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 1995

Agmatine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.12) catalyzes the hydrolysis of agmatine into putrescine. The enzyme seems to be one of the critical enzymes in putrescine biosynthesis. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer by combined method of ammonium sulfate 1 fractionation, DEAR anion exchange column, hydroxyapatite column and agmatine carboxyhexyl Sepharose 4B affinity column. The molecular weight estimated by native pore gadient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 71, 000 Dalton, while that estimated by SDS-PAGE was 70, 000 Dalton, indicating a monomeric enzyme. The optimal pH and temperature were 9.0 and 37$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The Km and 1 Vmax for agmatine were 8.3 mM and 14.4 nmole/hr, respectively. Heat stability of this enzyme was high. The enzyme was observed to be inhibited by polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. Especially, putrescine was a potent inhibitor of the purified enzyme. These results suggest that polyamines could be important in growth regulation of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 1987

Investigation on the ability of nitrogen usage by N2-fixing Nostoc muscorum and cultured tobacco cells when they were associately cultured on nitrogen-free media was carried out. Also, effect of polyamines on the associated cultured condition was carried out. In addition, morphological changes of N. muscorum and cultured tobacco cells in associate culture were observed to detect the possibility of induction of nitrogen fixing ability on cultued plant cells. The activity of nitrogenase increased markedly when N. muscorum was grown exclusively on nitrogen-free media. When N. muscorum was cultured associately with cultured tobacco cells on nitrogen-free media containing polyamines, high activity was detected in 10-4 M spermine treated group. Investigation on the change of polyamine amounts showed two times increase in spermidine and eight times increase in spermine on a associate culture. These effects of associated culture were shown through morphological change such as dense loclization of N. muscorum around the cultured tobacco cells as well as inside the cells. These results indicate the viability of N. muscorum in cultured tobacco cells and possible induction of nitrogen fixation ability by symbiosis.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 1994

Relationship between polyamine level and DNA methylation in the absence or presence of MGBG(l mM), which is an enzyme-activated reversible inhibitor of SAMDC, has been investigated during gametogenesis of Chlamydomonas. In the absence of MGBG, polyamine levels decreased in Chlamydomonas 137C(+) and 137C(-) during gametogenesis. And polyamine level of 137C(+) was 2-5 times as much as that of 137C(-) and showed a significant decrease unlike that of 137C(-). In vitro, MGBG inhibited ctDNA methylation of 137C(+) by 20-30% but did not inhibited that of 137C(-). Also, MGBG inhibited DNA methylase by 60% in vitro. The results obtained in the present work suggest the possibility that the changes of polyamine level may be associated with ctDNA methylation during gametogenesis of Chlamydomonas.omonas.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2004

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were cultivated to examine changes in antioxidative defence mechanism induced by elevated ozone levels. Catalase activities in tolerant Jinpumbyeo and susceptible Chucheongbyeo under ozone fumigation were reduced at 5 hrs and 3 hrs after ozone fumigation, respectively. With the increased ozone supply, peroxidase activity in Jinpumbyeo was steadily enhanced whereas in Chucheongbyeo it was not changed. Four SOD-isozymes were detected by NBT staining of native-PAGE. Two isozymes of them were obviously induced by ozone supply, particularly in Jinpumbyeo. The continuous ozone fumigation increased remarkably putrescine levels in leaves whereas it did not affect the levels of spermidine and spermine. In this study, it was implied that ozone in cell inhibits strongly diamine oxidase and thus promotes ethylene biosynthesis which will cause the senescence in rice plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between endogenous polyamines (PAs) and floral bud differentiation in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). In this study, PA content (free, bound, and conjugated) in apical buds, leaves, and roots changed appreciably during floral bud differentiation. PAs accumulated during series of processes such as floral induction, differentiation of floret primordia, and crown formation in apical buds; changes in PAs in apical buds may have a relationship with those in leaves and roots. The levels of free PAs and conjugated PAs [putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm)] in apical buds rapidly increased during the initiation stage of floral bud differentiation, while free and conjugated spermidine (Spd) reached their highest levels at the stage of floret primordium differentiation. In the free, conjugated, and bound PA fractions, the changes in Spm content were negligible compared to those of Put and Spd throughout the experiment. These findings indicate that PAs participate in regulating the process of flower bud differentiation in chrysanthemum.