• Language and Information
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.73-91
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• 2016

Korean adjectives in general cannot combine with measure phrases (MP), but MPs are compatible with adjectives when they appear with the inchoative morpheme -(e)ci. In this case, MPs can only denote the difference between two states along the dimension denoted by the root adjective. To account for this, this paper proposes that i) -(e)ci is a spell-out of V in the directed motion construction which takes an abstract path argument, like become, and ii) this path argument contains a comparative morpheme. By assuming this we can explain why MPs appear with -(e)ci, as well as other interesting phenomena such as variable telicity in deadjectival verbs with -(e)ci.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.182-191
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• 2007

This paper gives a thorough investigation into Mandarin sentence-final particles (henceforth SFPs). First I induce core grammatical functions and semantic interpretations of SFPs. Based on Rizzi's (1997) Split CP hypothesis, I make some modifications to accommodate Mandarin SFPs and map them onto separate functional heads within a proper hierarchy. I also examine some empirical evidence of head directionality and tentatively assume Mandarin C is head-initial. To explain the surface head-final order, in light of Chomsky's (2001) Phase Theory and Hsieh's (2005) revised Spell-out hypothesis, I pose a CP complement to Spec movement. Following Moro's (2000) idea, I further claim the motivation behind is to seek for antisymetry.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.150-159
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• 2007

More often than not, cost claims which are legitimately due and entitled to the contractor for works done, or for loss and expense incurred arising from disruption, prolongation and delay, are surprising not successfully recovered, whether in whole or in part, or none at all. One of the main reasons attributing to such scenario, is due to either the contractor, employer or the consultants and their poor understanding of and adherence to established and proper contractual rubric that is embodied in the building construction contract for the works. This paper explores some such pitfalls that could very well spell the ultimate financial disaster for many contractors, and highlights salient and essential intimations that contractors and consultants should watch out for.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.599-613
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• 2003

Purpose: The ultimate aim of the inquiry was to discover the essence of nurse's experience and promote understanding. Method : Guided by Colaizzi's method - 1. Description of the phenomena of interest by the reader. 2. collection of subject's description of the phenomena, 3. Reading all the subject's descriptions of the phenomenon, 4. Returning the original transcripts and extracting significant statements, 5. Trying to spell out the meaning of each significant statements, 6. Organizing the aggregate formalized meanings into clusters of themes. 7. Writing an exhaustive description, 8. Returning to the subjects for validation of the description, 9. If new data fare revealed during the validations incorporating them into an exhaustive description. The participants in this study were eight are nurses working for clinics. This strategies for data collecting were needed : deep face to face interview. Results : 6 cluster of themes are : 1. the heavy pressure, 2. the pride and the royal summons, 3. the powerlessness, 4. the hope, 5. the tiresome. 6. the distressed feeling. Conclusion : The results of the this study would help us to understand nurses in clinics, make direction for nursing education, and identify need for continuing inquiry.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 1982

Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 was infected with phage J1 and subjected to grow in $Ca^{＋＋}$ -free MRT (spell out) medium under the presence of four different types of phosphates, sodium-metaphosphate,-pyrophos-phate,-dibasic phosphate, and potassium-phosphate. Among the phosphates tested, sodium pyrophosphate showed sufficient inhibition on the lytic activity of the phage at 0.1% level whereas other phosphate needed more than 0.2% for the same effect. When the concentration of sodium pyrophosphate increased to 0.17%, the bacteria could be protected from lysis until the second succeeding transfer.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.35-58
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• 2013

In Mash & Murrell, Diplock J said that "there is an implied warranty not merely that they shall be merchantable at the time they are put on the vessel, but that they shall be in such a state that they can endure the normal journey and be in a merchantable condition upon arrival." But in The Mercini Lady, Field J said that "the goods would be of satisfactory quality not only when the goods were delivered on to the vessel but also for a reasonable time thereafter." and "The proposed conditions were not excluded by clause 18. ${\cdots}$ clause 18 was not to be construed as extending to conditions ${\cdots}$". In relation to the problems on validity of the goods conformity clauses in FOB contracts, when considering Lord Wright's comments ("${\cdots}$ hence apt and precise words must be used to exclude it: the words guarantee or warranty are not sufficiently clear.") in Cammell Laird & Co Ltd v Manganese Bronze and Brass, FOB contracts are fundamentally one that seller's duty to deliver the goods is completing at the port of shipment and "principle of party autonomy" in Contract Law, I do not think that the terms implied by section 14 of the SGA and Common Law cannot absolutely excluded by the goods conformity clauses in sale contracts. Therefore, in order to exclude the implied terms, the parties must very clearly spell out this in the relevant clauses.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.526-541
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• 2016

This research aims to examine the predictive power of multiple online stock message boards, namely, NAVER Finance and PAXNET, which are the most popular stock message boards in South Korea, in stock market activities. If predictive power exists, we then compare the predictive power of multiple online stock message boards. To accomplish the research purpose, we constructed a panel data set with close price, volatility, Spell out acronyms at first mention.PER, and number of posts in 40 companies in three months, and conducted a panel vector auto-regression analysis. The analysis results showed that the number of posts could predict stock market activities. In NAVER Finance, previous number of posts positively influenced volatility on the day. In PAXNET, previous number of posts positively influenced close price, volatility, and PER on the day. Second, we confirmed a difference in the prediction power for stock market activities between multiple online stock message boards. This research is limited by the fact that it only considered 40 companies and three stock market activities. Nevertheless, we found correlation between online stock message board and stock market activities and provided practical implications. We suggest that investors need to focus on specific online message boards to find interesting stock market activities.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.213-228
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• 2013

Tall buildings have been traditionally designed to be symmetric rectangular, triangular or circular in plan, in order to avoid excessive seismic-induced torsional vibrations due to eccentricity, especially in seismic-prone regions like Japan. However, recent tall building design has been released from the spell of compulsory symmetric shape design, and free-style design is increasing. This is mainly due to architects' and structural designers' challenging demands for novel and unconventional expressions. Another important aspect is that rather complicated sectional shapes are basically good with regard to aerodynamic properties for crosswind excitations, which are a key issue in tall-building wind-resistant design. A series of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation have been carried out to determine aerodynamic forces and wind pressures acting on tall building models with various configurations: corner cut, setbacks, helical and so on. Dynamic wind-induced response analyses of these models have also been conducted. The results of these experiments have led to comprehensive understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of tall buildings with various configurations.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.617-627
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• 2018

In this study, CMIP5 GCMs rainfall data (2011~2099) based on RCP scenarios were used to analyze the extreme drought evaluation for the future period. For prospective drought assessment, historical observations were used based on the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) data (1976~2010) of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Through the analysis of various indicators, such as average annual rainfall, rainy days, drought spell, and average drought severity was carried out for the drought evaluation of the five major river basins (Han river, Nakdong river, Geum river, Sumjin river, and Youngsan river) over the Korean peninsula. The GCMs that predicted the most severe future droughts are CMCC-CMS, IPSL-CM5A-LR and IPSL-CM5A-MR. Moderate future droughts were predicted from HadGEM2-CC, CMCC-CM and HadGEM2-ES. GCMs with relatively weak future drought forecasts were selected as CESM1-CAM5, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and CanESM2. The results of this study might be used as a fundamental data to choose a reasonable climate change scenario in future extreme drought evaluation.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.109-127
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• 2010

This work aims at introducing structural sensitivity analysis capabilities into existing commercial finite element software codes for the purpose of mapping retrofit strategies for a broad group of structures including heritage-type buildings. More specifically, the first stage sensitivity analysis is implemented for the standard deterministic environment, followed by stochastic structural sensitivity analysis defined for the probabilistic environment in a subsequent, second phase. It is believed that this new generation of software that will be released by the industrial partner will address the needs of a rapidly developing specialty within the engineering design profession, namely commercial retrofit and rehabilitation activities. In congested urban areas, these activities are carried out in reference to a certain percentage of the contemporary building stock that can no longer be demolished to give room for new construction because of economical, historical or cultural reasons. Furthermore, such analysis tools are becoming essential in reference to a new generation of national codes that spell out in detail how retrofit strategies ought to be implemented. More specifically, our work focuses on identifying the minimum-cost intervention on a given structure undergoing retrofit. Finally, an additional factor that arises in earthquake-prone regions across the world is the random nature of seismic activity that further complicates the task of determining the dynamic overstress that is being induced in the building stock and the additional demands placed on the supporting structural system.