• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2008

Low-cycle environmental fatigue tests of cast austenitic stainless steel CF8M at the condition of fatigue strain rate 0.04%/sec were conducted at the pressure and temperature, 15MPa, $315^{\circ}C$ of a operating pressurized water reactor (PWR). The used test rig was limited to install an extensometer at the gauge length of the cylindrical fatigue specimen inside a small autoclave. So the magnet type LVDT#s were used to measure the fatigue displacement at the specimen shoulders inside the high temperature and high pressure water autoclave. However, the displacement and strain measured at the specimen shoulders is different from the one at the gauge length for the geometry and the cyclic strain hardening effect. Displacement of the fatigue specimen gauge length calculated by FEM (finite element method) used to modify the measured displacement and fatigue life at the shoulders. A series of low cycle fatigue life tests in air and PWR conditions simulating the cyclic strain hardening effect verified that the FEM modified fatigue life was well agreed with the simulating test results. The process and method developed in this study for the environmental fatigue test inside the small sized autoclave would be so useful to produce reliable environmental fatigue curves of CF8M stainless steel in pressurized water reactors.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1986-1996
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• 2003

Methodology based on the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics has been widely accepted in predicting the critical crack length(CCL) of pressure tubes of CANDU nuclear plants. A conservative estimate of CCL is obtained by employing the J-resistance curves measured with the specimens satisfying plane strain condition as suggested in the ASTM standard. Due to limited thickness of the pressure tubes the curved compact tension(CT) specimens taken out from tile pressure tube have been used in obtaining J-resistance curves. The curved CT specimen inevitably introduce slant fatigue crack during precracking. Hence, effect of specimen geometry and slant crack on J-resistance curve should be explored. In this study, the difference of J integral values between the standard CT specimens satisfying plane strain condition and the nonstandard curved CT with limited thickness (4.2mm) is estimated using finite element analysis. The fracture resistance curves of Zr-2.5Nb obtained previously by other authors are critically discussed. Various finite element analysis were conducted such as 2D analysis under plane stress and plane strain conditions and 3D analysis for flat CT, curved CT with straight crack and curved CT with slant crack front. J-integral values were determined by local contour integration near the crack tip, which was considered as accurate J-values. J value was also determined from the load versus load line displacement curve and the J estimation equation in the ASTM standard. Discrepancies between the two values were shown and suggestion was made for obtaining accurate J values from the load line displacement curves obtained by the curved CT specimens.

• Composites Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2001

필라멘트 와인딩 공법(filament winding process)은 회전하는 맨드렐에 로빙(roving)형태의 연속섬유를 감는 비교적 간단한 공정이다. 이것은 저장탱크, 화학용 파이프, 그리고 다른 산업에 사용되는 안정적이고 다양한 공법이다. 본 연구에서는 split disk test 치구와 dress disk test 치구에 의한 필라멘트 와인딩 링 시편의 인장강도 값을 실험에서 얻어진 결과와 혼합법칙에 의해 얻어진 이론적인 값을 비교하였다. 이 논문의 목적은 필라멘트 와인딩 구조물의 인장 특성 평가에 대한 적합한 시험법을 제안하고 있는 것이다. dress disk test 치구로 시험한 링 시험편의 인장강도는 split disk test 치구의 모서리 부분에서 발생하는 응력집중 때문에 split disk test의 시험 결과보다 이론적인 인장강도 간에 잘 근절함을 보여준다. 이 실험 결과 시험 치구의 기하학적 형상과 섬유의 연속성, 섬유 장력 그리고 시험편의 응력 집중에 영향은 받음을 알 수 있었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 1985

본 연구에서는 양쪽크랙 인장시험편을 이용한 평면응력 파괴인성치 J 하(1C)를 검토하기 위하여, 두께 4.5mm 일반구조용 압연강판(SS41)을 균질화 및 연화처리하고 각각의 경우에 대하여 크랙비가 0.55, 0.65, 0.75인 시험편을 준비하여 J 하(1C) 및 저항곡선의 거동을 고찰하였다. 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 양쪽 크랙 인장시험편을 사용하여 J 하(1C)를 구한 값은 한계하중에 의한 방법이 Rice가 제안한 방법보다 크게 나타남을 알 수 있다. 2) Rice가 제안한 방법으로 J 하(1C)는 실험한 크랙비 범위 0.55-0.75에서 거의 일정한 값을 나타내고 저항곡선의 기울기는 크랙비에 따라 증가하였다. 3) Rice가 제안한 방법으로 [SS41의 J 하(1C)의 평균값은 모재는 22.8kgf/mm, 균질화 처리재는 24.7kgf/mm, 연화처리재는 26.9kgf/mm를 얻었다

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.351-361
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• 2024

Accurate measurement of K_IC values for gas pipeline steels is important for assessing pipe safety using failure assessment diagrams. As direct measurement of K_IC was impossible for the API X70 pipeline steel, multi-specimen fracture tests were conducted to measure J_IC using three-point bend geometry. The J values were calculated from load-displacement (F-δ) plots, and the associated crack extensions were measured from the fracture surface of test specimens. Valid data points were found for the constructed J-Δa plot resulting in J_IC=356kN/m. More data points were added analytically to the J-Δa plot to increase the number of data points without performing additional experiments for different J-Δa zones where test data was unavailable. Consequently, displacement (δ) and crack-growth (Δa) from multi-specimen tests (with small displacements) were used simultaneously, resulting in the variation of Δa-δ (crack growth law) and δ-Δa obtained for this steel. For new Δa values, corresponding δ values were first calculated from δ-Δa. Then, corresponding J values for the obtained δ values were calculated from the area under the F-δ record of a full-fractured specimen (with large displacement). Given Δa and J values for new data points, the developed J-Δa plot with extra data points yielded a satisfactory estimation of J_IC=345kN/m with only a -3.1% error. This is promising and showed that the developed technique could ease the estimation of J_IC significantly and reduce the time and cost of expensive extra fracture toughness tests.

• 폴리머
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2012

제품의 소형화와 경량화 추세에 따라 부품의 두께가 얇아지는 경향이 있다. 이러한 소형 및 경량 제품의 중요한 설계요소는 소재의 충격강도이다. 충격강도는 재료 고유의 물성값으로 기하학적 형상에 의존하지 않고 일정한 값을 가져야 한다. 그러나 충격강도 시험 시 시편의 두께에 따라 강도의 차이를 보이고 노치(notch)의 생성방법과 노치형상에 따라서도 민감도를 보인다. 본 연구에서는 시편의 두께와 노치형상 및 노치의 생성방법에 따른 충격강도를 알아보았다. 또한 노치의 각도와 노치에 대한 충격 방향에 따른 충격강도도 관찰하였다. 이를 위해 엔지니어링 플라스틱인 PC, ABS, 그리고 POM에 대하여 Izod 충격시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 실험한 모든 수지에서 두께가 얇아질수록 충격강도가 높아지는 경향을 보였는데 PC수지가 가장 크게 증가하였다. PC수지는 두께가 두꺼울 때는 취성파괴를 보였는데 두께가 얇을 때는 연성파괴 양상을 보였다. 몰드노치 시편이 밀링노치 시편에 비해 충격강도가 높았고, 역방향 노치가 정방향 노치보다 충격강도가 높았다. 본 연구에서 실험한 수지 중에서 노치의 민감성은 PC가 가장 컸으며 다음이 POM, ABS순으로 나타났다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.507-511
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• 2008

A "C-sphere" specimen geometry was used to determine the failure strength distributions of a commercially-available bearing-grade silicon nitride ($Si_3N_4$) with ball diameters of 12.7 and 25.4 mm. Strengths for both diameters were determined using the combination of failure load, C-sphere geometry, and finite element analysis and fitted using two-parameter Weibull distributions. Effective areas of both diameters were estimated as a function of Weibull modulus and used to explore whether the strength distributions predictably scaled between each size. They did not. That statistical observation suggested that the same flaw type did not limit the strength of both ball diameters indicating a lack of material homogeneity between the two sizes. Optical fractography confirmed that. It showed there were two distinct strength-limiting flaw types common to both ball diameters, that one flaw type was always associated with lower strength specimens, and that a significantly higher fraction of the 25.4-mm-diameter C-sphere specimens failed from it. Predictable strength-size-scaling would therefore not result as a consequence of this because these flaw types were not homogenously distributed and sampled in both C-sphere geometries.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.569-577
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• 2010

Nonplanar surface geometries of components are frequently encountered in real ultrasonic inspection situations. Use of rigid array transducers can lead to beam defocusing and reduction of defect image quality due to the mismatch between the planar array and the changing surface. When a flexible array is used to fit the complex surface profile, the locations of array elements should be known to compute the delay time necessary for adaptive heam focusing. An alternative method is to employ the time reversal focusing technique that does not require a prior knowledge about the properties and structures of the specimen and the transducer. In this paper, a time reversal method is applied to simulate beam focusing of flexible arrays and imaging of point-like defects contained in specimens with nonplanar surface geometry. Quantitative comparisons are made for the performance of a number of array techniques in terms of the ability to focus and image three point-like reflectors positioned at regular intervals. The sinusoidal profile array studied here exhibits almost the same image quality as the flat, reference case.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.404-412
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• 2000

It is desirable to use the square grid analysis with the aid of the stereo vision and image processing techniques in order to automatically measure the surface-strain distribution over a stamped part. But this method has some inherent problems such as the difficulty in enhancement of bad images, the measurement error due to the digital image resolution and the limit of the area that can be measured at a time. Therefore, it is still hard to measure the strain distribution over the entire surface of a medium-or large-sized stamped part even by using an automated strain measurement system. In this study, several methods which enable to solve these problems considerably without losing accuracy and precision In measurement are suggested. The superposition of images that have different high-lightened or damaged part from each other gives much enhanced image. A new algorithm for constructing of the element connectivity from the line-thinned image helps recognize up to 1,000 elements. And the geometry assembling algorithm including the global error minimization makes it possible to measure a large specimen with reliability and efficiency.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 1998

A semi-solid forming has a lot of advantages compared to the die casting. squeeze casting and conventional forging. therefore, semi-solid forming process is now becoming industrial interest for the production of metal components and metal matrix composites. However the material behaviour in the semi-solid temperature range is not sufficiently known although it controls the whole process through forces and geometry evolutions because the behaviour of metal slurries is complex. The semi-solid materials(SSMs) fabricated under electric-magnetic stirring condition is necessary to be applicated in forming process. A reheating conditions were studied with the reheating time holding time and reheating temperatures. The microstructure of SSM(specimen size : d39${\times}$h85) at the condition of heating time 10min and heating temperature 590${\circ}C$ is the most globular and finest one. The microstructure of SSM(specimen size : d76${\times}$h60) reheated under the three step reheating conditions is most globular and finest.