• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2002

Three types of sludges including printing paper, newsprint and tissue paper were prepared at 5% concentration for filtration-expression operations. Filtration-expression characteristics of sludge were measured in different pressure and wastepaper powder dosage. Specific filtration resistance and porosity were calculated with theoretical formula. Higher pressure increased the progresses of filtration and expression while it decreased porosity. The addition of 5% wastepaper powder more accelerated the progresses of filtration and expression than that of 10% wastepaper powder. The lowest porosity value was also measured at 5% dosage of wastepaper powder. The decrease of porosity implied the decrease of moisture content in cake. The results indicated that dewatering of sludge was efficient in high pressure and 5% dosage of wastepaper powder.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 새로운 여과-투과(filtration-permeation) 실험 방법을 사용하여 여과실험에 영향을 미치는 인자 중 침전에 대한 영향을 입자현탁액과 플럭현탁액에 대해 각각 수행하였다. 그 결과 여과실험으로는 정확한 평균 비저항값을 예측할 수 없었으나, 투과실험으로 정확한 평균 비저항값을 측정할 수 있었다. 투과기간을 연장하였을 때 입자현탁액에서 형성된 케이크에서는 투과속도에 별다른 영향이 없었으나 플럭현탁액의 경우는 응집제의 쓸려나감 현상을 보였다. 또한 여과-투과 실험을 사용하여 투과시에 단계적으로 압력을 증가시킴으로써 단 한번의 실험에 의해 케이크의 압축성이 측정되어 질 수 있음을 보였으며, 이 방법을 응용하여 평균 비저항값이 큰 활성슬러지의 긴 여과시간을 짧게 줄여 측정하는 새로운 방법을 제안하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.370-375
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• 2004

Synthetic organic polyelectrolytes can be used to condition sludges to enhance their dewaterability. When conditioning biological sludges, the charge on the polymer has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the polymer as a conditioner. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the most effective type and dosage of polymer for conditioning digested sludge prior to dewatering, and to investigate the relationship between dewaterability and particle size. 3 types of digested sludge were used under the different digestion processes like anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion and intermittent aerobic digestion. CST(capillary suction time), TTF(time-to-filter) and SRF(specific resistance to filtration) were tested as a dewaterability index and the number of particle distribution was analyzed using particle size analyzer. The results indicate that cationic polymer appears to be required for effective conditioning of these 3 types digested sludge and the optimal polymer dosage is about 0.6% of SS. CST and TTF are well correlated with mean particle diameter of which the dimension order is 1.7.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.874-880
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• 2007

CST와 SRF는 슬러지 탈수효율 인자로 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 CST와 SRF는 각각의 분석특징의 장.단점으로 인해 실험방법 및 결과 해석시, 슬러지 탈수의 최적조건을 찾아 예측하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 탈수성 지표로 이용되는 CST와 SRF의 이론식 가운데 CST와 SRF의 상호관계식을 유도하여 각각의 실측값과 예측값을 비교한 후 비교적 측정이 간편한 CST 시험만으로도 탈수최적조건을 도출할 수 있는 이론식을 검토하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.337-346
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• 2005

An MSBR using a membrane for not only filtration but also aeration (MA-MSBR) was designed to reduce membrane fouling and to enhance water quality, and compared with an MSBR using a membrane for only filtration (BA-MSBR). COD removal efficiency of the MA-MSBR was similar to that of the BA-MSBR, but membrane performance of the MA-MSBR was better than that of the BA-MSBR. The MA-MSBR had more small particles in mixed liquor, so the specific cake resistance of flocs in the MA-MSBR was higher than that in the BA-MSBR. However, in the aerobic reaction step of the MA-MSBR, air went through membrane pores and out of the membrane surface, so cake layers on the membrane surface and a portion of organics adsorbed on membrane pores could be removed periodically. Therefore, cake resistance, $R_c$, and fouling resistance by adsorption and blocking, $R_f$, for the MA-MSBR increased more slowly than those for the BA-MSBR. Additionally, in order to compare the energy efficiency for two MSBRs, oxygen transfer efficiency and power to supply air into the reactor by a membrane module and a bubble stone diffuser were measured using deionized water. From these measurements, the transferred oxygen amount per unit energy was calculated, resulting that of MA-MSBR was slightly higher than that of BA-MSBR.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.263-276
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• 2015

This paper deals with the influence of chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen ratio ((COD/N) ratio) on the performance of an membrane bioreactor. We aim at establishing relations between COD/N ratio, organisms' distribution and sludge properties (specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and membrane fouling). It is also essential to define new criteria to characterize the autotrophic microorganisms, as the measurements of apparent removal rates of ammonium seem irrelevant to characterize their specific activity. Two experiments (A and B) have been carried on a 30 L lab scale membrane bioreactor with low COD/N ratio (2.3 and 1.5). The obtained results clearly indicate the role of the COD/N ratio on the biomass distribution and performance of the membrane bioreactor. New specific criteria for characterising the autotrophic microorganisms activity, is also defined as the ratio of maximum ammonium rate to the specific oxygen uptake rate in the endogenous state for autotrophic bacteria which seem to be constant whatever the operating conditions are. They are about 24.5 to 23.8 $gN-NH_4{^+}/gO_2$, for run A and B, respectively. Moreover, the filterability of the biological suspension appear significantly lower, specific resistance to filtration and membrane fouling rate are less than $10^{14}m^{-2}$ and $0.07\;10^{12}m^{-1}.d^{-1}$ respectively, than in conventional MBR confirming the adv < antage of the membrane bioreactor functioning under low COD/N ratio.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.18.2-18.2
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• 2009

Ceramics have some properties that are unmatched by other kind of materials like metals or polymers. The ability of high thermal and chemical resistance and in case of being superior in specific mechanical properties makes the ceramic materials suitable for arange of applications. The microstructure and morphology of a material arguably permit the use of many advanced application otherwise difficult to achieve.Porous structures have some important applications in biomedical and environmental field. For human hard tissue reconstruction and augmentation procedure suitable biomaterials are used with a desirable porosity. A range of porous bioceramics were fabricated with tailored design to meet the demand of specific applications. Channeled and interconnected porosity was introduced in alumina, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite or tri calcium phosphate ceramics by different methods like multi-pass extrusion process, bubble formation in viscous slurry,slurry dripping in immiscible liquid, sponge replica method etc. The detailed microstructural and morphological investigations were carried out to establish the unique features of each method and the developed systems. For environmental filters the porous structures were also very important. We investigated a range of channeled and randomly porous silicon based ceramic composites to enhance the material stability and filtration efficiency by taking advantage of the material chemistry of the element. Detailed microstructural and mechanical characterizations were carried out for the fabricated porous filtration systems.

• 멤브레인
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 침지형 MBR 공정에서 인제거를 위해 주입되는 응집제가 분리막의 여과성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였고, 침지형 MBR에서 분리막 표면의 오염을 방지하기 위해 연속적으로 행하는 폭기가 응집 플록에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 MBR공정의 폭기조 슬러지를 채취하여 jar-test를 실시한 결과와 비교하였다. 실험 결과는 플록 크기와 슬러지 탈수성의 지표로서 비여과저항(SRF, Specific Resistance of Filtration)을 측정하여 비교하였다. 응집제 주입량이 증가할수록 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 플록의 비율이 저감되었으며 탈수성이 증가하였다. 그러나 jar-test 결과와 비교하였을 때, 폭기의 전단력에 의해 그 효과가 저감된 것을 알 수 있었다. 응집제를 주입한 경우 주입하지 않은 경우보다 운전지속시간이 연장되었다 운전지속시간이 응집제 주입량에 비례하여 증가하지는 않았는데, 이는 연속적인 폭기의 전단력으로 인해 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 입자가 충분히 저감되지 않았기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 또한 응집제 주입량이 과도하면 오히려 여과저항을 증가시키는 결과를 초래하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.287-290
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• 2007

We investigated the effect of ultrasound on the dewaterability of sewage sludge. Because, dewatering and disposal of waste sludge is a major economical factor in the operation of wastewater treatment plants. Capillary Suction Time(CST) and Specific Resistance to Filtration (SRF) were used to evaluate the sludge dewatering behaviors. From the results of the experiment, it was found that ultrasonic treatment can improve the dewaterability. We discovered that CST and SRF were highly related, according to the correlation coefficient($R^{2}$).

• 멤브레인
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.130-137
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• 1998

막결합형 활성슬러지 시스템의 운전에서 운전 시간에 따른 막 여과 특성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 슬러지의 순환 과정에서 전단력에 의한 플럭 크기의 변화가 여과 저항에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 여과 저항 모델식을 사용하였으며 또한 케이크 층의 특성 변화를 살펴보기 위해 입자의 비저항을 측정하였다. 플럭의 크기는 운전 초기 4~6시간 내에 급격한 감소 양상을 보였으며 이후 서서히 감소하여 20$\mu$m 부근의 값을 유지하였다. 운전 시간에 따른 입자의 비저항의 증가는 시간에 따른 입자 크기의 감소로부터 예상되는 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 플럭의 구성 성분 중에서 용존 유기물과 미생물이 플럭스 감소에 미치는 영향은 상대적으로 작았으며 콜로이드성 입자가 가장 큰 플럭스 감소 요인으로 작용하였다. 미생물 플록과 비교하여 콜로이드성 입자는 높은 비저항을 가졌으며 이로 인해 상대적으로 높은 케이크 저항을 나타내었다.