• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.31-37
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• 2020

The purpose of this research study is to examine the stock market's response to terrorist attacks. The study uses data of terrorist attacks in different parts of the country (Pakistan) from June 1, 2014 to May 31, 2017. The event window procedure applies to a 16-day window in which 5 days before and 10 days after the attack. In addition, several event windows have been built to test the response of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. KSE-100 index is taken as proxy of response. The total terrorist attacks are classified into four categories: attacks on law enforcement agencies, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats. The standard market model is used to estimate the abnormal return of the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which takes 252 business days each year. Furthermore, BMP test is used to check statistical significance of cumulative abnormal rate of return (CAAR). The results of this study reveal that total number of terrorist attacks and attacks on law enforcement agencies show long-term effects on Pakistan stock exchange. However, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats have little effect on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2020

This study explores the effect of time-deals, i.e., online promotions with time limit. Recently many online/mobile shopping sites in China utilize so called hot deal marketing technique for a short duration at a specific time. The purpose of "time-deals" is to attract online shoppers with deep discounted price and induce consumers to purchase items. This paper examines the effect of time-deals on sales volume, firstly by comparing the sales volume of time-deal days with that of no time-deal days and secondly by comparing the sales volume of days before and after two types of time deals, usual time-deals and special time-deals, Although some prior research studied the role of time-deals in promoting consumers' purchase behavior, most used the experimental approach by building mock-up shopping sites and asking participants purchase intention. However, purchase intention does not always result in purchase behavior. This study extracted actual purchase data for four items on time-deals from an online shopping site in China. A comparison of sales volumes on time-deal days with no time-deal days has shown the significant difference in the sales volumes. This finding confirms the positive effect of time-deals on purchase behavior. This study has also found that special time-deals soak up near-future demands in advance and lower the sales after the special time-deal event, although there is no significant difference in sales before and after usual time-deals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate added sugar intakes from processed food-snacks and participation behaviors of special event days sharing sweet foods among adolescents in Korea. Questionnaire survey (n = 959), dietary survey (n = 71) by food record method for 3 days, and snack survey (n = 230) for 3 days were carried out, and subjects were overlapped among three surveys. As a result, middle school students (MS) preferred milks and fermented milks while high school students (HS) preferred breads and fast foods as a snack (p < 0.01). MS and HS took snacks three to six times a week, and HS took snacks more frequently than MS (p < 0.05). Most subjects participated in special event days sharing sweet foods such as friend's birthday (68.4%), Peppro's day (61.5%) and Valentine's day (42.6%). As for merits of these events, MS said ‘they could get along with their friends' and ‘relieve stress', while HS said ‘they could enjoy their own events' and ‘confess their affection to whom they like' (p < 0.01). A group of cookies, biscuits, breads and, cakes was major source of added sugars followed by beverages, sweet jellies of red bean, chocolates and candies for subjects. For MS and HS, daily total added sugar intakes from whole processed food-snacks were $30.5{\pm}23.5g/d$ (3.0-137.9 g/d) and $31.7{\pm}23.2g/d$ (1.2-126.1 g/d), and ratios of daily total energy taken from added sugars of whole processed food-snacks in proportion to daily total energy taken from diet (energy percent of added sugars from snacks) were $6.3{\pm}4.7%$ (0.6-26.1%) and $6.3{\pm}4.4%$ (0.3-23.9%), respectively. These results showed that subjects frequently participated in special event days sharing sweet foods. In addition, energy percent of added sugars from snacks was more than the UL suggested by WHO/FAO for some subjects. Therefore, it is highly critical to monitor adolescents' sugar intakes on a long-term basis and to take nutritional management on their high sugar intakes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.417-429
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate university students' eating habits during special occasions and the willingness to pass on traditions of cooking certain dishes on special occasions to the next generation. The procedure of this study included a questionnaire to collect data for this study. The results are summarized as fellows: there were 689 participants. 314 male and 375 female. Most participants were nuclear families(84.5%), Practicing cooking traditions during the special occasions at home on New year's day. Chusuk, Ceremony of a forefather's death, the 15th of the first month. and Winter solstice exceeded 70% of households. In every event, most persons who make the food during the special events at home are mothers. Furthermore, most persons who teach the cooking method are mothers. too. Most foods which were taken In the annual events generally were as fellows : rice cake soup on New Year's Day. boiled rice admixed with four other staple cereals on the 15th of the first month, half-moon-shaped rice cake on Chusuk. a rice-and-mugwort cake on Buddha's birthday, rice and adzuki-bean on the winter solstice and cake on Christmas and wedding anniversary. The results of the survey of perception of food traditions during the special events was as follows ; ‘annual events helped peoples to make relationships with family and relatives deeper’ showed the highest agreement. The willingness to pass on traditional foods for the special days showed the highest agreement on New Year's Day and Chusuk, followed by Ceremony of a forefather's death. the 15th of the first month, and finally the winter solstice.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 2018

Purpose: In Korea, traffic information is collected in real time as part of Intelligent Transportation System to enhance efficiency of road operation. However, traffic information based on real-time data is different from the traffic situation the driver will experience. Method: In this study, forecasts were made for future highway traffic by day and time period by adjusting the Archived data reference days to 3, 5 and 10 days based on existing traffic Archived data. Results: Fewer days of reference in the past showed smaller errors. The prediction of Monday based on five past histories showed greater errors than the 10 past histories, as the traffic flow on the sixth Monday of 2016 was somewhat different from the usual holiday. Conclution: This study shows that less of the reference days of the past history when estimating traffic volume, the more accurate the data of the traffic history of the event can be used on special days.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.355-361
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze how brands are perceived to be most positive when they are presented to users in brand experience design, and to help them communicate more effectively. Originally, brands changed their logos periodically with the aim of communicating anniversaries. These days, not only this information but also emotional communication with users. As a research method, two major portal sites were selected for use in Korea, and a preference survey and in-depth interview were conducted based on the case of the event logos. From the results of the study, we were able to obtain results that the event logos act as a more positive factor when they provide users with various emotional motivations. In the future, we anticipate that users will be given higher value if they have a design approach that will elicit more diverse emotions from the brand experience.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2011

Fast food is popular among children and adolescents; however, its consumption has often been associated with negative impacts on nutrition and health. This study examined current fast food consumption status among middle school students and explored factors influencing fast food consumption by applying Theory of Planned Behavior. A total of 354 (52.5% boys) students were recruited from a middle school. The subjects completed a pre-tested questionnaire. The average monthly frequency of fast food consumption was 4.05 (4.25 for boys, 3.83 for girls). As expected, fast food consumption was considered to be a special event rather than part of an everyday diet, closely associated with meeting friends or celebrating, most likely with friends, special days. The Theory of Planned Behavior effectively explained fast food consumption behaviors with relatively high $R^2$ around 0.6. Multiple regression analyses showed that fast food consumption behavior was significantly related to behavioral intention (b = 0.61, P < 0.001) and perceived behavioral control (b = 0.19, P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that behavioral intention was significantly related to subjective norm (b = 0.15, P < 0.01) and perceived behavioral control (b = 0.56, P < 0.001). Attitude toward fast food consumption was not significantly associated with behavioral intention. Therefore, effective nutrition education programs on fast food consumption should include components to change the subjective norms of fast food consumption, especially among peers, and perceived behavioral control. Further studies should examine effective ways of changing subjective norms and possible alternatives to fast food consumption for students to alter perceived behavioral control.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.763-791
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• 2015

"Wind and Ports" is a European project that has been carried out since 2009 to handle wind forecast in port areas through an integrated system made up of an extensive in-situ wind monitoring network, the numerical simulation of wind fields, the statistical analysis of wind climate, and algorithms for medium-term (1-3 days) and short term (0.5-2 hours) wind forecasting. The in-situ wind monitoring network, currently made up of 22 ultrasonic anemometers, provides a unique opportunity for detecting high resolution thunderstorm records and studying their dominant characteristics relevant to wind engineering with special concern for wind actions on structures. In such a framework, the wind velocity of thunderstorms is firstly decomposed into the sum of a slowly-varying mean part plus a residual fluctuation dealt with as a non-stationary random process. The fluctuation, in turn, is expressed as the product of its slowly-varying standard deviation by a reduced turbulence component dealt with as a rapidly-varying stationary Gaussian random process with zero mean and unit standard deviation. The extraction of the mean part of the wind velocity is carried out through a moving average filter, and the effect of the moving average period on the statistical properties of the decomposed signals is evaluated. Among other aspects, special attention is given to the thunderstorm duration, the turbulence intensity, the power spectral density and the integral length scale. Some noteworthy wind velocity ratios that play a crucial role in the thunderstorm loading and response of structures are also analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the radioprotection effect of mixtures of selenium and arginine for development of radioprotection agents that can minimize radiation damage to police special operation unit in the event of radioactive terrorism. In this study 72 male rats were classified into 4 groups: normal group(NC Group), selenium and arginine mixtures administration group(SeAr Group), radiation exposure group(IR Group), and selenium and arginine mixture administration group followed by radiation exposure(SeAr+IR Group). The 7Gy of X-ray was irradiated to whole body of SD rats. And selenium and arginine were dministered orally at 3mg/kg and 150mg/kg once a day for 14 days. And then hematological and histological analyzes were performed on days 1, 7, and 21 after radiation exposure. In hemotological analysis, significant radioprotection wes observed in lymphocytes(p<0.05) on day 1, platelet(p<0.01) on day 7, red blood cell(p<0.01) on day 21 of radiation exposure in SeAr+IR group compared to IR group. In histological analysis, it was observed that the border of small crypt cells in the small intestine was less collapsed and the length of small crypts was relatively recovered on day 7 and showed that the number of cells and cell wall thickness were better in the prostate on day 21 in SeAr+IR group compared to IR group. Therefore, it is judged that selenium and arginine mixtures have radioprotection effect on blood and tissues due to radiation exposure. it will be helpful for research on radioprotection agents to reduce radiation damage to police special operation unit.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.12
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• pp.1107-1119
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• 2014

Interesting in abnormal climate is currently growing because of climate change. With this, an increasing number of people continue to show concern over the negative effects of such changes. In Korea, the annual average rainfall amount increased to about 19% from 1,155 mm in the 1910s to 1,375 mm in the 2000s. By the end of the 21st century, it has been projected that rainfall will further increase to about 17%. In particular, the 10-year frequency of localized heavy rain of more than 100-mm rainfall per day reached 385 days in the last 10 years. As such, it increased 1.7 times from 222 in the 1970s-80s. The extreme events caused by climate change is thus reported as having exacerbated over the years. Gangwon-province will suffer more from climate change than any other region in Korea because of its mostly mountainous terrain. It is a special region with both mountainous and oceanic climates divided alongside the eastern and western regions of the Taebaek Mountain Range. As such, this paper try to quantify using ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) the recent climate changes in this region.