• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2014

Kaloula borealis is the species of Amphibia which belongs to Kaloula genus and it is the only species inhabiting in Korea. The population size and habitat of Kaloula borealis have been significantly decreased on a national scale due to the diversified developments and the uses of agricultural pesticides. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment has designated and managed them as the class II of endangered species, in accordance with "Endangered Species Protection and Management Act"; however, a particular study focused on the ecological restoration of Kaloula borealis is desperately needed to prevent their extinction. This study was conducted to propose the HSI (Habit Suitability Index) of Kaloula borealis based on literature survey on ecology and habitats of Kaloula borealis, as well as their HSI. Factors to be investigated in HSI include: space, feed, cover, water(breeding) and threatening factors and the variables of each factor were also proposed. The distance from wetland, grassland, farm, stream and rice paddy, as well as the altitude of spawning pond were proposed as the variables of space, whereas the bed structure of forest and low-rise grassland were proposed as the variables of feeding. The variables of water (breeding) include the area of permanent and temporary wetlands, coverage of emerged pants (ratio of open water), water depth, water temperature, water quality, pH level, etc., whereas the presence of predator, distance from street and pollutants were proposed as the variables of threatening factor. The sub-standards by HSI factor of Kaloula borealis have been drawn from in-depth consultation with experts and based on this, the final HSI of Kaloula borealis was developed.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2006

The spawning behavior of Liobagrus obesus was observed at Kumgang river, Yeongdong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do from Apirl to July 2004. The fertilized eggs collected by dip net and skimming net were carried to the laboratory of Chonnam National University, and then egg, larvae and juvenils development were studied. Hatching of the embryo began about at 225 hrs 15 mins after morula stage in water temperature of $19.5{\sim}24.9^{\circ}C$(mean $22.8^{\circ}C$). The newly-hatched larvae were $7.30{\sim}7.90mm$(mean 7.66mm) in total length (TL), their mouth and anus were already opened with 14+28=42 myotomes. Sixteen days after hatching, the postlarvae were $13.00{\sim}14.05mm$(mean 13.48mm) TL, the yolk sac was completely absorbed. The juvenile stage was reached when all fin-rays were formed at 24 days after hatching, and $15.31{\sim}17.20mm$(mean 16.31mm) TL.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2006

The Tridentiger obscurus were collected of Ocheon-dong and Dolsan-do in Yeosu from Apirl to July 2003, and were carried to the laboratory to investigate their development of spawning habit, egg development, larvae and juveniles. The fertilized eggs were measured $0.86{\sim}1.07{\times}0.53{\sim}0.74\;mm$ in diameter. Hatching of the embryo began about 154 hrs 40 mins after fertilization in water temperature of $18.4{\sim}23.2^{\circ}C$(mean $21.2^{\circ}C$). The newly-hatched larvae were $2.72{\sim}2.87mm$(mean 2.83mm) in total length (TL), their mouth and anus were opened, and the yolk sac was completely absorbed. At 21 days after hatching, the postlarvae were $5.32{\sim}7.23mm$(mean 6.02mm) TL, and the tip of the caudal notochord was flexed $45^{\circ}$ upward. The juveniles stage was reached when all fin-rays were formed at 45 day after hatching, and $11.62{\sim}14.32mm$(mean 13.45mm) TL.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2007

To investigate the effects of artificial vegetation island (AVI) on fish distribution, we compared fish fauna from artificial vegetation island (AVI) area, which installed in 2000, natural vegetation area (NVA) and vegetation-free area (VFA) at Kyungan Stream area of Lake Paldang from Jul. to Nov., 2005. Results showed that 11 families 23 genera 24 fish species were distributed in the AVI and NVA. Squalidus japonicus coreanus, a small-size fish which generally lives at the downstream, dominated absolutely in the individual numbers. However, only 6 families 11 genera 12 species of fishes caught at the VFA, and dominant fishes were Hemibarbus labeo and Erythroculter erythropterus, a medium to large-size migratory fishes which live in mid-depth of water column. The dominance index was high at the AVI (0.778) and NVA (0.868), whereas the diversity index and evenness index were high at the VFA. Fish distribution at AVI was similar to that of the NVA in numbers of species, indicating that the AVI could playa role as spawning and inhabitation zone to a variety of fishes. We believe that AVI may be used for a restoration of the damaged and disturbed littoral ecosystem.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2008

An eco-washland is increasingly getting attentions as a new alternative plan for management of water resources because of role as flooding control and ecological park without social and ecological side effects. However, there is a lack of study regarding technological development and ecological guidelines to create eco-washland. This study was carried out to suggest ecological guidelines necessary for engineering process to create eco-washland. A study site was the lower reach of Seokjang stream connecting to Yimjin river, a candidate of new eco-washland, and Kumsa area in Namhan river was selected as a reference site. The analysis of ecological characteristics focused on vegetation, fishes, and birds. Major vegetation communities, composed of dominant species such as Salix koreensis, Salix gracylistyla, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites communis, etc., formed physical conditions along with other land uses including open water, sandbar, cultivated land, etc. Dominant species of fishes were some species belonging to Cyprinidae and Acheilognathinae, and in case of birds Anser albifrons, Anas platyrhychos, Anas poecilorhyncha belonging to waterbirds and Paradoxornis webbinanus dependent to forest edge were dominantly distributed. The results showed that complex wetland types associated with partially deep water and upland was the optimal eco-hydrological condition of washland. Cyprinidae and Acheilognathinae in case of fish and Egretta spp. (spring season) and Anas spp. (winter season) in case of bird were selected as target species for the these wetland types. Finally, a detail planning criteria to create habitats of these target species were discussed in terms of spawning, breeding, feeding, resting, refuge, nesting, etc.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.271-280
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• 2013

This study tried to analyze the impact of climate change on ecological habitat. In this regard, the Rhynchocypris Kumgangensis was selected among the CBIS(Climate-sensitive Biologocal Indicator Species) suggested by the Ministry of Environment. And ecological habitat and restrictive conditions for its survival was surveyed. Future runoff and water quality in the upstream of Pyungchang river were simulated by appling climate change scenarios to SWAT model which is able to simulate water quality. The estimated results explained characteristics on the increase of runoff, BOD, and water temperature and the decrease of DO in the future. The restrictive condition on ecological habitat of the Rhynchocypris Kumgangensis was used water quality during the April to May spawning season since BOD and DO were satisfactory as the first grade of water criteria in the estimated result of future water quality. As a result, it was analyzed that habitat of the Rhynchocypris Kumgangensis in the present was possible about 50~60% of the river. But the habitat would be decreased gradually in the future and would be possible in a very small part of the river in the long term.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1981

Mycelial growth and fruit body formation of Diehlomyces microsporus were best on mushroom spawn extract medium and rice bran extract medium, respectively. L-asparagine, fructose and glucose were good nutrient sources for mycelial growth. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth ranged at $25{\sim}28^{\circ}C$. Maximum mycelial growth occurred at pH 5.5 while optimum pH for ascospore germination was 6.0. Mycelial mats of D. microsporus did not survive at $60^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes while ascospores at $80^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes. Damages of fruit body of Agaricus bisporus caused by D. microsporus were maximum when the fruit bodies were infected at spawning and casing on the compost. The truffle disease could be controlled by basamid with $100{\sim}150 ppm$ treating on the compost after filling.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.1 no.1_2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1989

In August, 1988, matured adults of devil stinger were collected from Jinhae Bay and Jaran Bay, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea and kept in the aquarium (1 ton) for spawning. The egg development was observed with the eggs laid in the aquarium of adult fish. The diameters of eggs ranged from 1.2 to 1.3 mm (n=6), and no oil globules were found in the eggs. The hatching took place from 26 to 29 hours after eight cells stage at the water temperature of $24.9-26.5^{\circ}C$. The newly hatched larvae were 2.47~3.10 mm in total length with xanthophore on the body and yolk sac. Myomere number was 13+16-17=29-30. Two days after hatching, larvae were 3.61-4.16 mm in total length, and 3 to 4 large spots of melanophore appeared on the large pectoral fin. Three days after hatching, larvae were 3.97-4.29 mm in total length, and the larvae absorved the yolk material completely to become post larvae with 4-5 rays of the pectoral fin. Six days after hatching, larvae attained 4.07-5.46 mm in total length, and 11 rays and 8-9 spots of melanophore were developed on the pectoral fin.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.288-298
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• 2006

Larval distribution of bivalve from 29 stations in Deukryang Bay was examined from May to November in 1995. The abundance of total larvae increased from May ($3,736\;inds/m^3$) and reached maximum in August ($174,616\;inds/m^3$). But it decreased continuously until November ($2,171\;inds/m^3$). D-shape, early umbone and advanced umbone stage larvae composed of 76%, 18% and 6%, respectively, of total bivalve larvae. Nine larval species of bivalve were identified in this study. The mean abundance of Scapharca subcrenata larvae was $14,030\;inds/m^3$, which was 33.5% of total identified larvae. S. broughtonii (16.2%), Crassostrea gigas (12.5%), Mytilus edulis (10.2%) were also major species in order of their abundance. Considering the monthly larval occurrence in Deukryang Bay, main spawning month of bivalves except M. edulis and M. senhausia was estimated as July. Even though the spatial distribution of bivalve larvae in Deukryang Bay was different by the species, the larvae were generally abundant in the inner and west area of the bay, where was shallower and higher water temperature than the entrance and east area of the bay.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 1981

Three edible species, e.g. Lyophyllum sp. and Armillaria mellea introduced from Japan in 1979 and Auriaularia auricula-judae from Taiwan in 1978 were selected for artifcial cultivation. The media, MSDS for Lyophyllum sp, MHS and PDS for A. auricula-judae, and MSDS and MHS for A. mellea were selected. The range of optimum pH of Lyophyllum sp. was 6.0 and pH 8.0 for A. auricula-judae and pH 6.0 to 7.0 for A. mellea. The range of optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of Lyophyllum sp. was 25 to $30^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$ for A. auricula-judae and $25^{\circ}C$ for A. mellea. When the moisture content 75 to 80% (w/w) in the substrates, the mycelial growth of Lyophyllum sp. and A. auricula-judae, was rapid. 65% (w/w) for A. mellea. As the spawning substrates, wheat for Lyophyllum sp. oak sawdust for A. auricula-judae and poplar sawdust for A. mellea were selected, respectively. In this experiment, yields of Lyophyllum sp. and A. auricula-judae were high on the poplar sawdust added 20% (w/w) of rice bran. Lyophyllum sp. and A. auricula-judae for sources of new edible mushrooms seems to be possible.