Superoxide dismutase is a family of important antioxidant metalloenzymes and catalyzes the dismutation of toxic superoxide anions into dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide. A recent study identified the partial superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The same study reported that it strongly induced benzo[a]pyrene and that it was an indicator of aquatic oxidative stress responses. However, its transcriptional response against viral infection has not been investigated. In the present study, the spatial and temporal expression profiles were analyzed to investigate the function of Of-SOD in the antiviral response. The Of-SOD transcripts were ubiquitously detected at various levels in diverse tissues in a real-time PCR. The expression of Of-SOD was significantly higher in the muscles, liver, and brain but extremely low in the stomach and spleen. Following a VHSV challenge, the expression of Of-SOD increased within 3 h in the kidneys and decreased to the original level 2 days postchallenge. In muscle, liver, and brain, Of-SOD mRNA was similarly up-regulated at 3-6 h postchallenge and then decreased to the basal level. Although the expression pattern and induction time differed slightly depending on the tissue, the transcript of Of-SOD consistently increased in the acute infection response, but the expression was low in the chronic response. The expression of Of-SOD was induced after the VHSV infection, and Of-SOD was probably involved in the immune response against the viral challenge. These results suggest that SOD may play important roles in the immune defense system of P. olivaceus and perhaps contribute to the protective effects against oxidative stress in olive flounder.
This study was conducted to investigate the environmental impact of the construction of the Yeongju Dam, located near the upper stream of the Nakdong River, on benthic macroinvertebrates. The investigation was conducted four times from 2015 to 2016 and the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna from the four surveyed sites was compared. After the dam construction, the number of benthic macroinvertebrate species decreased and the species composition ratio of the E.P.T taxa(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) decreased, which favored the previous environment and the large riverbed structure. However, the species composition ratio of the O.C.H taxa (Odonata, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera), which favored the reservoir environment, increased. For the pattern of changes in the functional habitat groups, the proportion of 'Clinger(CL)' taxa decreased and the 'Burrower(BU), Climber(CB), Sprawler(SP), Swimmer(SW)' taxa increased in all surveys after the dam construction. A cluster stability comparison showed that the 'Stability Group II' species of St.2 and St.3 showed a drastic decrease. The average Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index(BMI) of all the survey sites in 2016 was lower than that in 2015. This research confirmed the temporal and spatial changes in the habitat type and community structure of the benthic macroinvertebrates resulting from the dam construction.
The annual and spatial changes in the species composition of catch off Yeosu were analyzed using the daily sales slip catch data by a set net in the inshore waters off Dolsan Islands in Yeosu from April to October 2001, off Yeon Islands of Yeosu from April to October 2002 and in the offshore waters off Dolsan Islands of Yeosu from April to December 2003, respectively. Scomberomorus niphonius, Seriola spp., Trichiurus lepturus, Engraulis japonicus, Sarda orientalis, Todarodes pacificus, Pampus echinogaster, Sardinella zunasi, Scomber japonicus, Lophius litulon and Loligo beka were dominant species in abundance, indicating that pelagic fish were mainly caught by a set net off Yeosu. S. zunasi, P. echinogaster, Platycephalus indicus and L. beka inhabited mainly in the inshore waters, and S. niphonius, Seriola spp., T. lepturus, P. echinogaster, T. pacificus, Takifugu porphyreus and Pagrus major resided mainly in the offshore waters as the pelagic resident species. E. japonicus was a representative dominant species moving between the inshore and the offshore waters seasonally. S. zunasi and E. japonicus occurred in the inshore waters, and E. japonicus, L. litulon and Seriola spp. begain to be caught in the deep offshore waters in spring. Total catch was high during the summer season by migration of the open sea species such as T. lepturus, S. niphonius, S. japonicus, Seriola spp., S. orientalis, P. echinogaster and T. pacificus. In fall, S. niphonius, E. japonicus, Sphyraena pinguis, Siganus fuscescens and Leiognathus nuchalis were dominant in the inshore waters, and S. niphonius, P. echinogaster, Hyporhamphus sajori, S. japonicus and T. lepturus continued to occur from summer in the offshore waters but total catch decreased, indicating the typical seasonal variation pattern of the temperate region. Most of catchable fishes by a set net were the pelagic species showing a significant temporal variation. Collection and analysis of daily catch data by large set nets can be used to determine seasonal variation in species composition of pelagic fish in a study area.
The genioglossus muscle plays an important role in maintaining upper airway patency during inspiration; if this muscle does not contract normally, breathing disorders occur due to closing of the upper airway. These occur because of disorders of synaptic input to the genioglossus motoneurons, however, little is known about it. In this study, the distribution of GABA-, glycine-, and glutamate-like immunoreactivity in axon terminals on dendrites of the rat genioglossus motoneurons, stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was examined by using postembedding immunogold histochemistry in serial ultrathin sections. The motoneurons were divided into four compartments: the soma, and primary (Pd), intermediate (Id), and distal dendrites (Dd). Quantitative analysis of 157, 188, 181, and 96 boutons synapsing on 3 soma, 14 Pd, 35 Id, and 28 Dd, respectively, was performed. 71.9% of the total number of studied boutons had immunoreactivity for at least one of the three amino acids. 32.8% of the total number of studied boutons were immunopositive for GABA and/or glycine and 39.1% for glutamate. Among the former, 14.2% showed glycine immunoreactivity only and 13.3% were immunoreactive to both glycine and GABA. The remainder (5.3%) showed immunoreactivity for GABA only. Most boutons immunoreactive to inhibitory amino acids contained a mixture of flattened, oval, and round synaptic vesicles. Most boutons immunoreactive to excitatory amino acids contained clear and spherical synaptic vesicles with a few dense-cored vesicles. When comparisons of the inhibitory and excitatory boutons were made between the soma and three dendritic segments, the proportion of the inhibitory to the excitatory boutons was high in the Dd (23.9% vs. 43.8%) but somewhat low in the soma (35.7% vs. 38.2%), Pd (34.6% vs. 37.8%) and Id (33.1% vs. 38.7%). The percentage of synaptic covering of the inhibitory synaptic boutons decreased in the order of soma, Pd, Id, and Dd, but this trend was not applicable to the excitatory boutons. The present study provides possible evidence that the spatial distribution patterns of inhibitory and excitatory synapses are different in the soma and dendritic tree of the rat genioglussus motoneurons.
This study was conducted to delineate temporal and spatial patterns of potential risk of cold injury by combining the short-term cold hardiness of Campbell Early grapevine and the IPCC projected climate winter season minimum temperature at a landscape scale. Gridded data sets of daily maximum and minimum temperature with a 270m cell spacing ("High Definition Digital Temperature Map", HD-DTM) were prepared for the current climatological normal year (1971-2000) based on observations at the 56 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) stations using a geospatial interpolation scheme for correcting land surface effects (e.g., land use, topography, and elevation). The same procedure was applied to the official temperature projection dataset covering South Korea (under the auspices of the IPCC-SRES A2 and A1B scenarios) for 2071-2100. The dormancy depth model was run with the gridded datasets to estimate the geographical pattern of any changes in the short-term cold hardiness of Campbell Early across South Korea for the current and future normal years (1971-2000 and 2071-2100). We combined this result with the projected mean annual minimum temperature for each period to obtain the potential risk of cold injury. Results showed that both the land areas with the normal cold-hardiness (-150 and below for dormancy depth) and those with the sub-threshold temperature for freezing damage (
To investigate the temporal-spatial distribution of picophytoplankton in relation to different water masses in the northern East China Sea (ECS), picophytoplankton abundance were investigated using flow cytometry with environmental factors in 2016-2017. The results from the analysis of flow cytometer data showed that Synechococcus appeared across all seasons, exhibiting its minimum abundance in winter and maximum abundance in summer. Furthermore, high abundance was detected in the surface mixed layer during spring and summer when vertical stratification occurs; in particular, Synechococcus exhibited maximum abundance in thermocline layer, indicating a close correlation to water temperature and thermocline formation. In addition, the abundance of Synechococcus indicated a decrease in the western seas in 2017 compared to 2016 under the strong influence of the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW). This was determined by the significant influence of the CDW on the abundance of Synechococcus during summer in the northern waters of the ECS. In contrast, Prochlorococcus did not appear during winter and spring, and its distribution was limited during summer and autumn in the eastern seas under the influence of the Kuroshio current. The largest range of Prochlorococcus distribution was confirmed during autumn without the influence of the CDW. Thus, the distribution pattern of each picophytoplankton genus was found to be changing in accordance to the extension and reduction of sea current in different seasons and periods of time. This is anticipated to be a useful biological marker in understanding the distribution of sea currents and their influence in the northern waters of the ECS.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70