• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.433-440
• /
• 2001

Marine organisms in Antarctica live in an environment which exhibits variability in physical processes over a wide range of temporal scales, from seconds to millennia. This time scale tends to be correlated with the spatial scale over which a given process operates, though this relationship is influenced by biology. The way organisms respond to variability in the physical environment depends on the time-scale of that variability in relation to life-span. Short-term variations are perceived largely as noise and probably have little direct impact on ecology. Of much greater importance to organisms in Antarctica are seasonal and decadal variations. Although seasonality has long been recognised as a key feature of polar environments, the realization that decadal scale variability is important is relatively recent. Long-term change has always been a feature of polar environments and may be a key factor in the evolution of the communities we see today.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2010

지진에 의한 철도교량의 손상은 철도 교통에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 철도 시스템의 내진성능 확보에 있어서 교량 시스템에 대한 지진 위험도 평가는 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 교량의 지진 취약도는 교통 시스템의 지진 위험도 평가를 위한 효과적인 도구로 사용될 수 있는데, 최근 들어 교량의 지진 취약도 해석에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어져 왔으나 대부분의 경우 개별 교량 또는 특정 교량형식을 대표하는 단일 교량에 대해서만 취약도 연구를 수행하였을 뿐 실제 임의의 여러 경간수를 가지는 교량 군(群) 전체에 대한 지진 취약도 연구는 이루어진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 국내 철도교의 대표형식 중의 하나인 무도상 강판형 철도교에 대하여 경간 변화를 고려한 지진 취약도 해석을 수행하였다. 먼저 교량 주요 요소의 손상 정보를 수집한 후 이를 바탕으로 시스템의 전체적 손상을 나타낼 수 있는 시스템 손상지수를 정의하였으며, 이렇게 정의된 시스템 손상지수를 이용하여 교량 주요 요소의 손상을 통합하는 시스템 손상에 대한 지진 취약도를 작성하였다. 2경간 에서 15경간까지 경간수를 증가시키며 무도상 강판형 철도교에 대한 지진 취약도 함수를 작성하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 전확률 이론(Total Probability Theory)을 적용하여 국내 무도상 강판형 철도교의 실제 경간 분포를 고려한 전체 무도상 강판형 철도교량 군(群)에 대한 지진 취약도를 작성하였다. 본 연구는 교량의 경간 수에 따른 지진 취약도를 탄력적으로 작성할 수 있게 해주어 철도의 노선 별 내진성능 평가 시 이를 효율적으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.231-251
• /
• 2018

The objective of the investigation is the analysis of wind-tunnel experimental errors, associated with the measurement of aeroelastic coefficients of bridge decks (Scanlan flutter derivatives). A two-degree-of-freedom experimental apparatus is used for the measurement of flutter derivatives. A section model of a closed-box bridge deck is considered in this investigation. Identification is based on free-vibration aeroelastic tests and the Iterative Least Squares method. Experimental error investigation is carried out by repeating the measurements and acquisitions thirty times for each wind tunnel speed and configuration of the model. This operational procedure is proposed for analyzing the experimental variability of flutter derivatives. Several statistical quantities are examined; these quantities include the standard deviation and the empirical probability density function of the flutter derivatives at each wind speed. Moreover, the critical flutter speed of the setup is evaluated according to standard flutter theory by accounting for experimental variability. Since the probability distribution of flutter derivatives and critical flutter speed does not seem to obey a standard theoretical model, polynomial chaos expansion is proposed and used to represent the experimental variability.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.1001-1018
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to compare the structural responses obtained from the stochastic analysis of a suspension bridge subjected to uniform and partially correlated seismic ground motions, using different spatial correlation functions commonly used in the earthquake engineering. The spatial correlation function employed in this study consists of a term that characterizes the loss of coherency. To account for the spatial variability of ground motions, the widely used four loss of coherency models in the literature has been taken into account in this study. Because each of these models has its own characteristics, it is intended to determine the sensitivity of a suspension bridge due to these losses of coherency models which represent the spatial variability of ground motions. Bosporus Suspension Bridge connects Europe to Asia in Istanbul is selected as a numerical example. The bridge has steel towers that are flexible, inclined hangers and a steel box-deck of 1074 m main span, with side spans of 231 and 255 m on the European and Asian sides, respectively. For the ground motion the filtered white noise model is considered and applied in the vertical direction, the intensity parameter of this model is obtained by using the S16E component of Pacoima Dam record of 1971 San Fernando earthquake. An analytically simple model called as filtered white noise ground motion model is chosen to represent the earthquake ground motion. When compared with the uniform ground motion case, the results obtained from the spatial variability models with partial correlation outline the necessity to include the spatial variability of ground motions in the stochastic dynamic analysis of suspension bridges. It is observed that while the largest response values are obtained for the model proposed by Harichandran and Vanmarcke, the model proposed by Uscinski produces the smallest responses among the considered partially correlated ground motion models. The response values obtained from the uniform ground motion case are usually smaller than those of the responses obtained from the partially correlated ground motion cases. While the response values at the flexible parts of the bridge are totally dominated by the dynamic component, the pseudo-static component also has significant contributions for the response values at the rigid parts of the bridge. The results also show the consistency of the spatial variability models, which have different characteristics, considered in this study.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.1029-1044
• /
• 2015

To investigate the seismic pounding response of long-span bridges with high-piers under strong ground motions, shaking table tests were performed on a 1/10-scaled bridge model consisting of three continuous spans with rigid frames and one simply-supported span. The seismic pounding responses of this bridge model under different earthquake excitations including the uniform excitation and the traveling wave excitations were experimentally studied. The influence of dampers to the seismic pounding effects at the expansion joints was analyzed through nonlinear dynamic analyses in this research. The seismic pounding effects obtained from numerical analyses of the bridge model are in favorable agreement with the experimental results. Seismic pounding effect of bridge superstructures is dependent on the structural dynamic properties of the adjacent spans and characteristics of ground motions. Moreover, supplemental damping can effectively mitigate pounding effects of the bridge superstructures, and reduce the base shear forces of the bridge piers.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.193-200
• /
• 2017

To overcome the difficulty of performing multi-point response spectrum analysis for engineering structures under spatially varying ground motions (SVGM) using the general finite element code such as ANSYS, an approach has been developed by improving the modelling of the input ground motions in the spectral analysis. Based on the stochastic vibration analyses, the cross-power spectral density (c-PSD) matrix is adopted to model the stationary SVGM. The design response spectra are converted into the corresponding PSD model with appropriate coherency functions and apparent wave velocities. Then elements of c-PSD matrix are summarized in the row and the PSD matrix is transformed into the response spectra for a general spectral analysis. A long-span high-pier bridge under multiple support excitations is analyzed using the proposed approach considering the incoherence, wave-passage and site-response effects. The proposed approach is deemed to be an efficient numerical method that can be used for seismic analysis of large engineering structures under SVGM.

• 대한인간공학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 1986

In recent years, the average life span of people in advanced countries has increased. Conwequently, the number of middle-aged and old workers who have the will to work has increased. On the other hand, the declining birth rate has decreased the number of young workers. However, because many enterprises in advanced countries have extended their mandatory retirement age from 55 to 60 years, labor accidents involving aged workers are on the increase. As a result, the need for a method to evaluate the work skills of middle-age and old workers has become urgent. To explore one such method, this study investigated the relationship between aging and manual dexterity. Dexterity was found to deteriorate with age, but with large variability from individual to individual. The parameters of dexterity used in this experiment were found to be reliable.

• Coupled systems mechanics
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.269-280
• /
• 2018

Post-earthquake damages investigation in past and recent earthquakes has illustrated that the ground motion spatial variation plays an important role in the structural response of long span bridges. For the structural control of seismic-induced vibrations of cable-stayed bridges, it is extremely important to include the effects of the ground motion spatial variation in the analysis for design of an effective control system. The feasibility and efficiency of different vibration control strategies for the cable-stayed bridge under multiple support excitations have been examined to enhance a structure's ability to withstand earthquake excitations. Comparison of the response due to non-uniform input ground motion with that due to uniform input demonstrates the importance of accounting for spatial variability of excitations. The performance of the optimized designed control systems for uniform input excitations gets worse dramatically over almost all of the evaluation criteria under multiple-support excitations.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.97-107
• /
• 2001

This study argues the nature of the microgenetic method in respect to child development research and explores its merits and limitations. The microgenetic method focuses on observations that span the entire period from the beginning of developmental change to the time it reaches a relatively stable state. This produces a high density of observations relative to the rate of change in the phenomenon. In this way, observed behavior may be used in intensive trial-by-trial analysis. The microgenetic method is superior to other methods in the possibilities for observing developmental changes as they occur, examining various aspects of change, detecting variability in behavior, and flexibility in application regardless of theoretical perspectives. Limitations of this method include reliability problems due to repeated observations, artificiality relative to the natural situation, inconsistency of short-and long-term change, and demands on children's motivation for participation in research.

• 웰빙융합연구
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.35-39
• /
• 2019

This paper presents two social and academic studies on the boundary between cultural production and consumption. The first line of the study on cultural omnivore analyzes the choice of heterogeneous audiences in the face of various cultural offerings. The second line is a study of market categories, which analyzes the responses of peer audiences to objects with different levels of category code compliance. As such, this paper developed a heterogeneous audience model to evaluate objects of different types. This allows us to consider two dimensions of cultural preference: diversity and orientation of selection. To this end, this paper proposes a new analytical frame work to map consumption behavior on these two dimensions. The results suggest that one type of target that values diversity and transformation is particularly resistant to those that span boundaries. We test this argument in the analysis of two large data sets on film and restaurant reviews. Overall, our findings can extend beyond cultural consumption. Outline variability of contextual individuals or individuals in the same situation can cross cultural boundaries even if they are not intentionally pursuing such hybridism.