• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.292-296
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• 2003

The lateral root formation in soybean sprout culture declines its quality. This study was done to measure the effect of fluorescent light treatment during 24 hour imbibition and 6-day culture on seed germination and growth of soybean sprout. After 6 day culture, the sprouts were sorted as normal (＞4cm), abnormal (＜4cm) and non-germination by their hypocotyl lengths, and lateral roots, fresh and dry weights were measured. Lateral roots were less formed in the fluorescent light treatment lasted during the whole period of the imbibition than in the treatment for 50 minutes a day during the culture. The fluorescent light treatment during the imbibition mainly affected the germination and growth compared to the treatment done during the culture. Compared to the dark imbibition, the light treatment during the imbibition resulted in more normal sprouts, thicker diameters of hypocotyl and hook, and more fresh weights in cotyledon, hypocotyl, whole sprout, and economic yield. However, these results were reverse in lengths of hypocotyl and root, and fresh and dry weights of roots. It is concluded that the fluorescent lamp mainly irradiating red and blue lights can be used for the sprout production as an alternative light replacing blue and red lights treated during the imbibition because it blocked the lateral root appearance and stimulated growth of the sprout.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2000

To enhance in vitro plantlet regeneration efficiency of soybean through embryogenesis, the culture conditions such as material part and size of immature seed, 2,4-D, pH and solidifying agents for somatic embryogenesis were investigated. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from the immature embryo, immature cotyledon and embryonic axis explants of the immature seed on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D. The highest rate (up to 22.9%) of somatic embryogenesis was obtained from the immature cotyledon, following embryonic axis and the immature embryo. The rate varied with the developmental stages of seed. The maximum rate (25.4%) of embryogenesis was obtained from 3-4 mm length of the seed (after 25 days of flowering). The optimum concentration of 2,4-D for embryogenesis was 10 mg/L. The optimum pH was at 5.8 and solidifying agent for medium was better with 0.4% gelrite than with agar. For rapid multiplication of shoot tips from the germinating somatic embryos, they were cultured on MS medium containing 2 mg/L indole-3-butyyic acid (IBA) and 1 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA). After then somatic embryos with one and three cotyledons were transferred to the growth regulator free medium. The medium exhibited the higher rate (ca. 50%) of development than the multiplication medium.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.8-9
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• 2017

Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 2021

Efficient in vitro regeneration system is essential for the successful crop breeding of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) using the new biotechnology. The genotype of donor plants strongly influences the establishment of tissue culture system. Therefore, the screening of genotypes with excellent tissue culture ability is very important for soybean genetic improvement. In this study, we report the tissue culture efficiency of 21 soybean cultivars belong to Korean soybean core-collection and two foreign cultivars (Jack and Maverick). The Kwangan, Anpyeong and Seonam are share close genetic relationship in 21 cultivars and these three cultivars were observed the high frequency of germination and regeneration. Furthermore, the high tissue culture abilities were also observed in the Williams 82 used in reference genome sequencing and the two foreign cultivars. The transformation of pBAtc:tRNA with bar gene was performed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the cultivars with high tissue culture ability. Transformation of the bar gene was identified by PCR analysis in Kwangan, Pungwon, Seonam, and Maverick. Our results provide useful information for the breeding of various soybean cultivars by plant biotechnology such as, genome editing.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 1999

This study was carried out to select the most suitable soybean cultivars for the quality kanjang preparation. Six cultivars of soybean, Taekwangkong, Kumjungkong #1, Sinpaldalkong #2, Hwangkeumkong, Danbaegkong and Danyeobkong, were used as the raw materials for kanjang preparations. Grain type meju was prepared by the inoculation of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii seed culture on the cooked soybean of respective cultivar and cultivation at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. Two month matured respective kanjang mash, which was prepared by mixing meju and 20% salt brine in the ratio of 1 : 3, was separated and the liquid portions were used as kanjang samples for this work. The highest crude protein content of 47.5% was obtained from Danbaegkong cultivar among six soybean cultivars tested. High sugar soybean cultivars were found to be Kumjungkong l and Danbaegkong and the content 15.87% and 13.33% respectively. The highest total nitrogen(TN) content of 1.18% was shown from Danbaegkong kanjang. Although the major free organic acid in kanjang was found to be succinic acid, no significant differences in free organic acid and sugars content were observed among cultivars. The highest free total amino acids(TA) and glutamic acid(GA) content in kanjang was observed to be 3365 mg% and 734.44 mg% respectively from Danbaegkong kanjang. Danbaegkong cultivar soybean which was shown to contain the highest crude protein was found to be the most suitable one for the preparation of quality kanjang with high TN, GA content and GA/TA ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.649-660
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• 2021

In this study, soybean pods of 45 soybean landraces (or varieties) were classified as yellow (19 samples), black (23 samples), or black in green (3 samples) based on soybean seed coat color. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and estrogen-like activities were assessed. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content ranges were 24.13-108.03 mg GAE/g and 3.31-72.02 mg CE/g, respectively, and were highest in the black group followed by the yellow group and were least in the black in green group, while ABTS and DPPH activities followed the order black in green > black > yellow. Estrogen-like and estrogen receptor-α activity ranges were 29.06-35.58 pg/mL and 7.05-10.13 pg/mL and were followed the order yellow > black > black in green and black in green > yellow > black, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory and UCP-1 activities followed the same order as estrogen receptor-α activities. Our findings suggest that soybean pods are excellent sources of antioxidants and high-quality functional materials.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.608-617
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date on soybean-sprout growth characters and for improving cultural techniques to produce high quality soybean-sprout. Six sprout-soybean cultivars were planted on three sowing dates in 2000 and 2001. The growth of hypocotyl in soybean sprouts was accelerated at higher temperature and the differences among cultivars became greater at later culture days. The longest of hypocotyl and root lengths of soybean sprouts was obtained from July 5 sowing, followed by May 25 and June 15 sowing. Doremikong and Hannamkong had the thickest and the thinness hypocotyls, respectively. Total length of soybean-sprouts was longer in seeds harvested from later sowing, respectively. Eunhakong produced the longest soybean-sprouts, while Tawonkong produced the shortest. Percentage of rotten seed and imperfectly germinated seed harvested at later sowing was lower. Somyeongkong and Tawonkong showed the highest and the lowest percentages of rotten seeds, respectively, while Pungsannamulkong and Hannamkong showed the lowest and the highest percentages of imperfectly germinated seeds. The soybean-sprouts yields were higher in seeds harvested in 2001 and later sowing. Although Eunhakong and Doremikong showed higher soybean-sprout yield, Pungsannamulkong and Somyeongkong showed stable soybean-sprout yield regardless of the sowing dates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.292-296
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• 2002

Soybean seeds were treated with blue, red and far-red lights for 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours during 24-hour imbibition before culture for 6 days. The soybean sprouts raised were classified by their hypocotyl lengths; normal (＞4cm), abnormal (＜4cm) and non-germination, and their lateral roots, hypocotyl diameters and component dry weights were measured. Red light treatment and dark imbibition reduced the abnormal soybean sprouts more than far-red and blue light treatments, meaning that the former treatments produced more commercial sprouts. The lateral roots were more formed in blue light and dark imbibition than the other light treatments, but were completely blocked by any light treatment lasted during the whole imbibition. Although any light quality treatment did not influence their primary root lengths, blue light one lengthened the hypocotyl more than the others treated during the imbibition, and far-red light enlarged its diameter. Despite this morphological change, component, total or economic yield was not significantly different among the light quality treatments during the imbibition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.788-794
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• 2010

Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) seed oils were prepared by roasting at $213^{\circ}C$ and pressing (RP), pressing (P), and nhexane extraction (H). The physico-chemical properties of the RP, P, and H samples, including fatty acid composition, color, and sensory characteristics were analyzed. RP, P and H samples were thermally oxidized at $180^{\circ}C$, and oxidative stability was determined by DPPH, CDA, and p-AV at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min. Compared to the P and H samples, RP resulted in significantly higher thermal oxidative stability according to the DPPH, CDA, and p-AV results (p<0.05). The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids among RP, P, and H samples were significantly different (p<0.05). The oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in green tea seed oils were 58 and 23%, respectively. Hunter's color value of lightness (L) for the RP, P, and H samples was not significant. Redness (a) of RP was $3.47{\pm}0.119$ and yellowness (b) of H was $60.10{\pm}2.483$, which were significantly different. Compared to RP samples, H and P samples had the highest color and off-odor values in the sensory evaluation. RP samples showed the highest taste value and were significant overall (p<0.05). The thermal stability of RP extraction was more stable than any other method. Camellia sinensis L. seed oil extracted by RP had better sensory characteristics than other edible oils, including soybean oil, grape seed oil, and extra virgin olive oil.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.216-221
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• 2004

Treatment effect of benzyladenopurine (BA) used to block the lateral roots formed on soybean sprouts should be influenced by its applying methods. This study was done to check the effects of temperature and period from seed imbibition into 2 ppm BA solution to the first watering for sprout culture on growth and morphology of soybean sprouts. Imbibed three cultivar (cv. Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery) seeds for 5 houys into 2 ppm BA solution were placed under different temperatures (AT; 20, 30, $40^{\circ}$) and periods (AP; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours). On the 6th day, the soybean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; ＞7cm, 4 to 7cm), ＜ 4cm and non-germination to calculate their composition rates, number of lateral roots, lengths of hypocotyl and root diameters at middle and hook of hypocotyl, and fraction dry weights were measured. Germination and growth responses of the cultivars were changed by AT and AP treatments. The responses, lateral root formation and fresh weights were, however, mainly affected by the cultivars used rather than Af treatment. Rate of the sprouts which formed lateral roots was decreased with increased periods to 4 hours, but their number per sprout was not different between the treatments of longer than 3 hours. Lengths of hypocotyl and root organ and total fresh weights were the highest in an hour AP treatment although longer than 3 hour AP treatments did not showed the significant difference in the lengths. Conclusionally AP treatment was more important than Af one in seed aeration for soybean sprout culture immediately after imbibition into BA solution, and was done at least for 3 hours.