• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 2019

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is grown worldwide for its high protein and oil content. Anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats are known to have many pharmaceutical effects. Soybean cultivars with large seed sizes and black seed coats are needed by soybean farmers. However, antinutritional factors, like protein, stachyose, and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) exist in raw mature soybeans. Genetic elimination or reduction of these components is needed in soybean breeding. The objective of this research was to develop new a soybean strain with black seed coats and green cotyledons that was KTI protein free and low in stachyose. Six parents were used. The presence or absence of KTI protein was detected using the Western blot technique. The content of stachyose in mature seeds was detected using HPLC. One new strain was selected from 11 $F_2$ plants with black seed coats and green cotyledons that lacked KTI protein. The new strain had black seed coats and green cotyledons and was KTI protein free and low in stachyose. The plant height of the new strain was 66 cm, and its 100-seed weight was 28.4 g. The stachyose content of the new strain was 2.59 g/kg. The new strain developed in this research will be used to develop new cultivars that are KTI protein free and low in stachyose.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2019

Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr) is commonly consumed and found in major foods including soymilk, soy sauce, tofu, and soy sprout in Korea and east Asia. In addition, it is common to cook the whole seeds with rice. Soybean is known to have ranges of health benefits including antiaging, anticancer, neuroprotective and antidiabetic taken either as supplement or dietary food. Anthocyanins and flavonoids in G. max are found to be the main contributors to such wide arrays of health benefits. Due to increasing economic values of soybean, development of specialty soybean cultivars is becoming an area of interest worldwide. In this study, 746 black soybean accessions from National Agrobiodiversity Center were characterized as part of an attempt to identify important germplasms of G. max. Seed coats of each accession were analyzed for their total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside (C-3-O-G), delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (D-3-O-G), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt-3-O-G), and their whole seeds for crude protein contents. HPLC was used to determine and quantify the anthocyanin compositions while crude protein was determined using Kjeldahl method by Kjeltec auto-analyzer (Kjeltec 8400, Foss, Sweden). Accessions were grouped according to their anthocyanins and protein contents; the mean content of which were correlated to agronomic traits including maturity date, one hundred seed weight, cotyledon color and seed lust color. The results indicated that the total anthocyanin content (TAC) ranged from 273.77 to 6250.52 mg/100 g, with mean value of 1853.03 mg/100 g while the crude protein content (CPC) being between 33.43 and 47.51%, with mean value of 40.81%. The highest number of accessions (45.97%) showed TAC between 1000~1900 mg/100 g while 30.96% of accessions showed CPC between 41~43%. Among the 746 accessions considered, 11 (IT142935, 175818, 175855, 177191, 177209, 177211, 177214, 177216, 177218, 177220, 177274) of them showed TAC above 4000 mg/100 g. C-3-O-G was found to be the major contributor to TAC showing strong correlation. Accessions with green cotyledon color showed high mean TAC compared to those having yellow cotyledon color, and accessions with dull seed lust color showed high mean TAC than those having shiny seed lust color. One hundred seeds weight and maturity date showed positive correlation with all anthocyanin contents, except for Pt-3-O-G in the latter case. The overall result of the present study could be used as background for developing new black soybean cultivars and breeds with high anthocyanin and protein contents. The result depicted that many of the accessions could be used as potential parental lines.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2009

On screening pathogen-resistant soybean, we identified a WRKY type transcription factor named a Glycine max WRKY1 (GmWRKY1). Expression of GmWRKY1 gene was induced in the soybean sprout by Pseudomonas infection. The GmWRKY1 was expressed in all of the tissues with high levels in stems, leaves and developing seeds. The protein Gm WRKY1 contains highly conserved two WRKY DNA-binding domains having two $C_2-H_2$ zinc-finger motif ($C-X_{4-5}-C-X_{22-23}-H-X-H$) in its N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences. In electrophoresis mobility shift assay, the GmWRKY1 protein bound specifically to W-box elements in the promoters of defense related genes. These results demonstrated that GmWRKY1 is one of the soybean WRKY family genes and the plant-specific transcription factors for defense processes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1164-1173
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• 2006

Cellulase from Aspergillus niger, (${\alpha}$-amylase from Bacillus sp. and protease from Bacillus globigii were used as enzyme sources in this study to examine how their respective substrates protect them in two kinds of simulated gastrointestinal tract digesting processes. Avian total digest tract simulation test showed that filter paper, Avicel and cellulose resulted in 7.7, 6.4 and 7.4 times more activity than of unprotected cellulose, respectively. Protease with addition of casein, gelatin or soybean protein showed no significant protection response. Starch protected amylase to be 2.5 times activity of the unprotected one. Monogastric animal total tract digestion simulation test showed that filter paper, Avicel and cellulose resulted in 5.9, 9.0 and 8.8 times activity of unprotected cellulase, respectively. Casein, gelatin and soybean protein resulted in 1.2, 1.3 and 2.0 times activity of unprotected protease, respectively. Starch did not protect amylase activity in monogastric animal total tract simulation. Protection of mixed enzymes by substrates in two animal total tract simulation tests showed that filter paper in combination with soybean protein resulted in 1.5 times activity of unprotected cellulose, but all substrates tested showed no significant protection effect to protease. Soybean protein and starch added at the same time protected the amylase activity to be two times of the unprotected one. Test of non-purified substrate protection in two animal total digest tract simulation showed that cellulase activity increased as BSA (bovine serum albumin) concentration increased, with the highest activity to be 1.3 times of unprotected enzyme. However, BSA showed no significant protection effect to protease. Amylase activity increased to 1.5 times as BSA added more than 1.5% (w/v). Cellulase activity increased to 1.5 times as soybean hull was added higher than 1.5%. Amylase had a significant protection response only when soybean hull added up to 2%. Protease activity was not protected by soybean hull to any significant extent.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 1998

Production of medicinal soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], characterized with black seed, white stripe at hilum border, yellow cotyledon and small seed, is increasing with increasing consumption. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of medicinal soybean seed and to provide basic information, for the characterization of these soybeans among genetic resources. Forty-four lines of medicinal soybeans collected from Korea and two control cultivars, 'Hwangkeumkong' (Yellow seed coat) and 'Geomjeongkong l' (Black seed coat) were planted at the Research Farm of the College of Natural Resources, Korea University, located at Namyangju City on May 25, 1996. Seeds of these lines were harvested at full maturity and analyzed for protein, oil, sugar, starch and mineral contents. Mean protein and oil content of the medicinal line seeds were 42.6 and 16.1%, respectively, and those of the control cultivars were in the middle range for protein and oil content. However, sugar and starch content of the medicinal line seeds appeared to be in the lower range of the distributions compared to the control cultivars and were 10.0 and 1.68%, respectively. Mean P, K, Ca, and Mg contents of the seeds of medicinal soybean lines were 15.9, 21.5, 3.11, and 2.81 mg/g, respectively, indicating that these lines had higher P, K, and Mg and lower Ca contents when compared to the control cultivars. Mean Na and Fe contents were 671 and 224 mg/kg, respectively, showing lower Na and similar Fe contents. The observed results provided that chemical compositions of medicinal soybean were, on average, different from those of the general soybean cultivars.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.488-493
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• 2009

A protein isolate was prepared from black soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) that possessed higher antioxidant activity than ordinary white soy protein isolates. The isolate was partially hydrolyzed by alcalase to reduce the allergenicity of black soybean. Alcalase remarkably reduced the molecular mass of the major soybean allergens that have molecular weights of 53, 38, and 24 kDa. Hydrolytic breakdown occurred more effectively in Gly m Bd 30K than in Gly m Bd 60K or Gly m Bd 28K. Alcalase hydrolysis increased the solubility and hydrophobicity of the black soybean protein isolate. The foaming activity and stability of black soybean proteins were highly increased by the partial hydrolysis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.469-474
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in the diet for juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Duplicate groups of average weighing 35 g were fed one of four isonitrogenous ($54{\%}$) and isocaloric (575 kcal/100 g diet) diets containing $0{\%}, 10{\%}, 20{\%} and 30{\%}$ soybean meal for 45 days. Survival rates of all groups were $100{\%}$, Weight gain of fish decreased with increasing dietary soybean meal levels, However, this value was not significantly different between fish fed the control and $10{\%}$ soybean meal diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary soybean meal levels, but no significant differences were found among fish fed the control, $10{\%}\;and\;20{\%}$ soybean meal diets (P > 0.05). Daily feed and protein intake increased with increasing dietary soybean meal level. Crude protein and moisture content of liver tended to decrease and crude lipid content tended to increase with decreasing of dietary soybean meal levels. Plasma total cholesterol levels of fish fed the diets containing $20{\%}\;and\;30{\%}$ soybean meal were significantly lower than that of fish fed control diet (P < 0.05), Plasma GOT level significantly increased with increasing dietary soybean meal level (P < 0.05). It is concluded that soybean meal can be used as a partial substitute for fish meal up to $10{\%}$ in this dietary formulation for growth of juvenile flounder.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 1990

Soybean proteins of 19 varieties recommended In Korea were characterized by solubility classes, SDS-PAGE and amino acid composition. In distribution of the protein fractions by solubility difference, glycinin content was $48.19{\sim}58.86%$ of total protein. Prolamin, constituting about 1.16% of total protein, was the fraction showing the significant differences between varieties. The electrophoretic patterns of whole soybean proteins exhibited no varietal differences except in 6 varieties of Padal, Jangbaek, Jangyeob, Danyeob, Nameheon and S-138 in molecular weight range of $21.5{\sim}31.0%$ kd. Cystein, methionine, tyrosine and threonine were the minor components of soybean protein and percentage of tyrosine to the total proteins showed significant varietal differences.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.673-676
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• 1991

Lipids and protein were extracted simultaneously from soybean flour by aqeous processing. Extraction yields of lipids and protein were 62 and 68%, respectively, when 120-150 mesh full-fat soybean flour was dispersed in six times of water (w/w) at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 8. Supplementary treatment for the higher extraction yields such as proteolytic enzymes treatment improved extraction yields of lipids and protein up to 86 and 89%, respectively. Ultrasonification also improved extraction yields of lipids and protein up to 90%. Red and yellow colors of aqeous-extracted soybean oil were slightly darker than those of hexane-extracted oil, but were much lighter in colors than those of Folch-extracted oil.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.159-162
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• 2007

Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor(SKTI) protein is a small, monomeric and non-glycosylated protein containing 181 amino acid residues and is responsible for the inferior nutritional quality of unheated or incompletely heated soybean meal. The objective of this research is to confirm SSR marker(Satt228) tightly linked to the Ti locus using several germplasm accessions with TiTi or titi genotypes for MAS in soybean breeding programs. TiTi genotypes('Jinpumkong2', 'Clark', and 'William') had allele1 and titi genotypes(PI196168, C242, W60, and PI157440) had allele2 in Satt228 marker analysis. 'Jinpumkong2', 'Clark', and 'William'(TiTi genotype) had a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein of 21.5 kDa size, and PI196168, C242, W60, and PI157440(titi genotype) did not have the band in protein gel electrophoresis from the mature seed. Cosegregation between the SKTI protein(21.5 kDa size) and allele of Satt228 marker was observed in seven germplasm accessions with different genetic backgrounds. Any recombination between the SKTI protein and allele of the Satt228 marker was not observed. This result indicates that Satt228 marker may effectively utilized to select the plants with the titi genotype.