• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.1 s.52
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

Numerous studies reported the significant association between genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and various bone phenotypes such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality, although conflicting results were produced. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between a TaqI RFLP in the VDR gene and calcaneal BMD in Korean vegetarian men, and its interaction with nutrition status as an environmental factor. BUA (broadband ultrasound attenuation), SOS (sound of speed) and stiffness index of the calcaneus were measured using an ultrasound bone densitometer in 266 Korean men (age: $mean{\pm}SD;\;50.9{\pm}12.0$ year), and a TaqI RFLP in the VDR gene analysed by PCR-RFLP method. In total subjects, the distribution of TT, Tt and tt genotypes occurred with frequencies of 90.8%, 8.8% and 0.4%, respectively. There were no significant associations between this polymorphism and osteopenia-osteoporosis or several bone phenotypes in our subjects irrespectively of nutrition status (P>0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that a TaqI RFLP in the vitamin D receptor gene does not contribute to the susceptibility to the calcaneal BMD in Korean men.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.23 no.A
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• pp.149-156
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• 2003

The development and maintenance of a sound bond are essential requirements of concrete repair and replacement. The bond property of a overlay to its substrate concrete during the lifetime is one of the most important performance requirements which should be quantified. A standard or a verified bond strength measurement method is required at field for screening, selecting materials and quality control for overlay or repair materials, but no test method has been adopted as a standard. In this study, a concrete pull off bond strength measurement method for field application is proposed and evaluated. This study compares the splitting tensile test, slant shear test, nipple pipe direct tensile test, flexural adhesion test, briquette tensile test, jumbo nail pull-out test and core pull-off test with their test procedures. From these comparison and investigation, core pull-off test is selected as a main topic of this study because of it's suitability for in situ testing, simplicities in field application and clearness at interface boundary condition. Thus, the proposed core pull off test is evaluated to be the most appropriate method for field application in a simple manner. The fracture surface and fracture mode could be easily determined by visual observation of failure surface of the field specimen. The core pull off test was found to be sensitive to surface condition and latex contents at latex modified concrete.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.121-139
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• 1999

Our experimental subject was a laryngectomee who had undergone total laryngectomy with $PROVOX^{(R)}$ insertion, and learned esophageal speech after the surgery, so he could produce both $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice and esophageal voice. With this subject's production of $PROVOX^{(R)}$ and esophageal voice, we are to compare the acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of the two voices, under the same physical conditions of the same person. As a result, the fundamental frequency of esophageal voice was 137.2 Hz, and that of $PROVOX^{(R)}$ was 97.5 Hz. $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice showed lower jitter, shimmer and NHR than esophageal voice, which means that $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice showed better voice quality than esophageal voice. In spectrographic analysis, the formation of formants and pseudoformants were more distinct in esophageal voice and several temporal aspects of acoutic features such as VOT and closure duration were more similar with normal voice in $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice. During the sentence utterance, esophageal voice showed longer pause or silence duration than $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice. Maximum phonation time and mean flow rate of $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice were much longer and larger than esophageal voice, but mean and range of sound pressure level, subglottic pressure and voice efficiency were similar in the two voices. Glottal resistance of esophageal voice was much larger than $PROVOX^{(R)}$ voice which showed still larger glottal resistance than normal voice.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.327-335
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• 2001

In the 21st century, broadcasting, communication, and computer have been integrated due to the development of digital technology. Accordingly, to overcome the limit of respective communication media and to maintain them, their independent area shall not be classified. This study is to examine the future environment of digital TV broadcasting, to analyze customizing type service and interactive type TV technology, and to make asymmetric interactive digital TV publication broadcasting system, which is TV broadcasting in the next generation to treat visual image, sound, and various data all together by harmonizing broadcasting and communication like ISDB(Integrate Service Digital Broadcasting). In addition, to develop service on publication broadcasting with high quality, this study is to propose to develop relative devices for TV/PC reception to realize a new communication type TV publication broadcasting, by analyzing technology for producing, sending, transmitting, receiving, and saving to apply to customizing type interactive system and by examining its application.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.109-113
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• 2007

Yacht have an high powered main engine relatively light hull, so the noise generated from the engine have a bad influence upon the crew and passenger. Recently, cruise yacht is made an attempt by domestic production skill, however the insulation skill of the noise made by the main engine is not satisfy the real purchasing power of the buyer. Like this, yacht cabin's noise level is becoming the barometer to decide the purchase. the method to insufficient. However, if we use the skill of the monitoring equipment and the genetic algorithm system, the circumference of the main engine can be enclosed by an high quality absorbtion wall and the noise levels of the cabins are improved. In this study, the sound absorbtion barrier is experimentally researched by change the volume and the length of the neck for the Helmholtz resonator as the resonator can absorb the noise effectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.462-471
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• 2017

A more efficient use of nutrients from organic sources can benefit both farmers and water quality in agriculture. In this paper we reviewed information related to the regulations and guidelines of a swine liquid fertilizer to propose an establishment scheme for the official standards of swine manure slurry as a liquid fertilizer for organic farming. According to the law of establishment and designation of official standard of fertilizers, the liquid fertilizer made with pig liquid manure belongs to the byproduct fertilizer as of one of organic fertilizer. However, the official standards for byproduct fertilizers including the liquid fertilizer set by the Rural Development Administration (RDA), especially for a liquid swine manure fertilizer, should be revised to meet the goals of laws pursuing the environmentally sound agriculture, especially for organic farming because the terms and relevant standards need additional specific standards alike the standards such as impurities and parameter for declaration in EU. Therefore, it is suggested that official standards for byproduct fertilizers should be revised with respect to nutrient, salt content as of SAR and Na content instead of NaCl. Also we need to develop the maximum limit of heavy metals in soil to which the liquid fertilizer can be applied, as well as application rate depending on EC of the liquid fertilizer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2008

Purpose: To analyze health programs of the PHCP (Primary Health Care Posts) Method: From August 2006 to July 2007, data on the general quality and health program of the PHCP was requested by official letter and replies were received via E-mail. From December 8 to December 30, 2007, data from 1,268 (66.8%) PHCP out of 1,897 PHCP were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 Win program. Results: The average population covered by each PHCP is 878.3 people. For the health and special programs, Community Health Practitioners report high motivation for programs on health promotion, management of chronic illness, social welfare (40-50%). Demand by the residents was reported at 10% and increases in the health of the residents were attributed to high interest and demand. Volunteer work was 83.3% for bathing, 54.5% for equipment support and 46% for exercise programs. As elders make up 30% of the population in rural areas, there is an increasing demand for volunteer work in bathing programs. Conclusions: As the number of elders in the population increases and there is an increased need for more medical treatment for older people who are sick, the role of PHCP must be strengthened to include visits to homes of community residents. Where financial support for the PHCP is difficult, it is necessary to develop sound data on demographic characteristics of the population in order to develop efficient and effective health promotion programs. The finding that 54.7% of the population need management of chronic illness has difficulty in seeing a physician indicates a need to enhance the health care delivery system by strengthening the role of the Community Health Practitioners and including them in the civil service system to ensure stability of the PHCP.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.367-374
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose an audio watermarking method using the attribute of tonal masker. First, the attribute of tonal masker as an audio watermarking attribute is analyzed. According to existing researches, it is possible to be imperceptible modulation for the energies of the frequencies that compose a tonal masker. And when the relation between the tone energy and the left or right frequency energy after various signal processing is compared with the one before the processing, very few changes are showed. We propose an audio watermarking method using these attributes of tonal masker. A watermark bit is embedded by the modulation of the difference between the two neighboring frequency energies of a tone. In the detection, the modulated the tonal masker is searched using the key wed in the embedding without original audio and the embedded watermark bit is detected. After each attack of noise insertion, band-pass filtering, re-sampling, compression, echo transform and equalization, the detection error ratios of the proposed method were average 0.11%, 1.26% for Classics and Pops. And the SDG(Subjective Diff-Grades) scale evaluation of the sound quality of the watermarked audio result in the average SDG -0.31.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2011

Juvenile crime has recently severe problems in quality as well as great increase in quantity. Especially compared to adult crime, juvenile crime has higher recidivism rate, which leads to strong doubt about the limitations of existing treatment. This is because the correctional institutions have a bad influence on the juvenile criminal, that is not the original purpose like correction and edification, but relearning of crime. To prevent the recidivism of juvenile crime needs an active level in terms of the return as sound citizens through correction beyond a simple level of maintaining order. Correction welfare is one of the most important measures to prevent the recidivism of juvenile crime. This study examines the notion, types and trend of juvenile crime, considers the concept and functions of correction welfare, and shows the prevention of recidivism of juvenile crime in perspective of correction welfare.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.190-197
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• 2013

A titanium based screw shaped dental implant was first introduced by Branemark and a treatment protocol where the restoration of edentulous area by connecting abutment after the osseointegration of the titanium surface of the implant and surrounding bone structure has been proposed. Although this protocol is widely accepted as a standard up to date, the healing duration of 3-6 months as well as the need for provisional prostheses during this period present as a major drawback. Immediate loading has been accomplished through the advent of various implant designs, enforced surface treatments, diverse forms of abutment, and delicate surgical techniques together with the increase in demand from the patients. The success rate of the immediate loading technique has been first reported as 85.7% by Dr. Schnitman in 1990 which recently has been reported up to 100% in the case of immediate loading in single tooth by Dr. Kan. To ameliorate the success rate of immediate loading technique, selection of patients presenting a sound bone quality and quantity, acquiring primary stability through delicate surgical techniques and fabrication of prostheses which accounts for biological stabilities should all be taken into consideration. This presentation introduces the understanding of biological stability of immediate loading, various methods for measurement of stability and clinical cases regarding immediate loading technique.