• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.266-268
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• 2003

In 2002, sooty mold was observed on persimmon (Diopyros kald) from the Jinju Agricultural Products Wholesale Market in Gyeongnam, Korea. The lesion of the sooty mold usually appeared as scars or wounds formed on the surface of the fruits. The symptom started with water soaking lesion, then the fruit softened rapidly. Colony of the causal pathogenic fungus was dark green in color on potato dextrose agar. The diameter of growing hyphae was 1-2 $\mu\textrm{m}$. The mostly one-celled conidia were ovoid, lemon or cylinder in shape, blastophores, and sized 46-132 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Erected conidiophores were long-branched chains and their lengths varied from 24 to 346 $\mu\textrm{m}$ with 2-5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ width. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was about 2$0^{\circ}C$. Based on their mycological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides. This is the first report in Korea of the sooty mold of persimmon caused by the said fungus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.563-569
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• 2016

The spatial patterns for temperature distribution on crape myrtle leaves infested with sooty mold were investigated using a digital infrared thermal imaging camera. The mean temperatures of the control and sooty regions were $26.98^{\circ}C$ and $28.44^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the thermal images, the sooty regions appeared as distinct spots, indicating that the temperatures in these areas were higher than those in the control regions on the same leaves. This suggests that the sooty regions became warmer than their control regions on the adaxial leaf surface. Neither epidermal penetration nor cell wall dissolution by the fungus was observed on the adaxial leaf surface. It is likely that the high temperature of black leaves have an increased cooling load. To our knowledge, this is the first report on elevated temperatures in sooty regions, and the results show spatial heterogeneity in temperature distribution across the leaf surface.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2006

Fifty-six indigenous and twenty nine exotic mulberry varieties were screened against powdery mildew, Myrothecium leaf spot, Pseudocercospora leaf spot, sooty mold and bacterial leaf spot for a period of three years under field condition. The percent disease index (PDI) was recorded during peak season of the foliar diseases. Out of eighty-five varieties studied, ten varieties were highly resistant and eight were resistant to powdery mildew; six varieties were immune and seventy-eight varieties were highly resistant to Myrothecium leaf spot; sixty varieties were highly resistant and 21 were resistant to Pseudocercospora leaf spot; forty four varieties were highly resistant to sooty mold and two varieties were immune and fifty-eight were highly resistant to bacterial leaf spot. Lowest cumulatative disease index was observed in M. multicaulis (7.28) followed by Thailand lobed (7.85) and Italian mulberry (8.06).

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.14-14
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• 2015

Cellular aspects of sooty mold on walnut leaves were investigated by using light and electron microscopy. A black coating developed on the adaxial leaf surface of a walnut tree. No infestations were found on the abaxial leaf surface with peltate glandular trichomes. Light microscopy showed that fungal complexes from the leaf surface were composed of brown conidia and hyphae. Conidia, with longitudinal and transverse septa, were variable in length ranging from 10 to $30{\mu}m$, and commonly found in clusters, forming microsclerotia. Neither epidermal penetration nor hyphal entrance to host tissues was observed. Based on their morphological characteristics, the fungal complexes were assumed to be Capnodium species. An electron-dense melanized layer was present on the cell wall of multi-celled conidia. Concentric bodies in the fungal cytoplasm had an electron-translucent core surrounded by an electron-dense margin with a fibrillar sheath. Chloroplasts without starch granules in the palisade mesophyll cells of sooty leaves had electron-dense stromata and swollen plastoglobuli. These results suggest that the epiphytic growth of fungal complexes can be attributed to the melanized layer and concentric bodies against a water-deficient environment on the leaf surface. Ultrastructural characteristics of the sooty leaves indicate typical features of dark-adapted and non-photosynthetic shade leaves.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.212-217
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• 2013

2012년 한국 내 4지역의 부추, 오이, 멜론, 민들레 재배 온실 내 묘상에서 이례적으로 버섯이 재배중인 채소와 함께 발생하였다. 저자들은 온실 내 발생한 버섯의 발생 양상과 발생 버섯이 채소 작물의 생장과 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며, 온실 내 묘상으로부터 발생한 버섯 시료를 채집하고, 형태적인 특성에 의해 채집한 버섯을 동정하였다. 부여 지역의 멜론 재배 온실 내 발생 버섯은 Leucocoprinus cretaceus, Panaeolus fimicola, Conocybe sp.로 동정되었다. 충주 지역의 민들레 재배 온실 내 발생 버섯은 Conocybe rickenii f. tetrasporique로 동정되었다. 상주 지역의 오이 재배 온실 내 발생 버섯은 Cristinia eichleri와 Coprinus sp.로 동정되었다. 영덕 지역의 부추 재배 온실 내 발생 버섯은 Coprinus aokii로 동정되었다. 동정된 7종의 버섯 중에서 L. cretaceus, C. rickenii, C. eichleri는 한국에서 처음 발견되었다. 조사 결과, 발생 버섯은 묘상에 사용된 퇴비 혹은 토양에서 비롯되었으며, C. aokii는 부추의 잎에 그을음 증상을 일으키고, C. rickenii f. tetrasporique는 민들레의 생육을 억제하며, 잎에 그을음 증상을 일으키는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 다른 발생 버섯은 재배 채소작물의 생육과 품질에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 1999

Ultraviolet light is required for the sporulation of Didymella bryoniae, a gummy stem blight fungus in cucurbits such as watermelon, melon, oriental melon, cucumber and pumpkin. In this experiment, the upper limit of wave length for the production of pycnidia of D. bryoniae was 365 nm - 375 nm. Two plastic houses were covered with either common transparent film (wave length longer than 225 nm is transmitted) or UV-absorbing film ( wave lenght shorter than 388 nm is absorbed). In both houses, seedlings inoculated with D. bryoniae were placed in the center of the house at 30 days after transplantation of watermelon (cv. Whanhoseong), and the disease incidences between the houses were compared until 80 days after transplantation. The number of disease lesions and incidence of pycnidia-producing lesions under the UV-absorbing film were reduced by 90% and 80%, respectively, compared to the common transparent film. The internode lengths of plants grown in the two houses were not significantly different, but the plants grown under the UV-absorbing film had longer vines and more leaves than plants under the common transparent film. However, fruit characters such as weight, length, width, rind thick and brix, were not different between the two houses. Occurrence of aphids was reduced in the UV-absorbing film, but those of mites or diseases (powdery mildew and sooty mold) were not different between the houses. These results suggest that disease incidence of gummy stem blight of watermelon in the greenhouse can be controlled by the use of UV-absorbing film.

• Mycobiology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.54-56
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• 2000

A black scab disease occurred on sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) in plastic film houses around Chinju area during the spring season of 1999. The disease started from flower bud, then moved to flower stalk, pod, petiole, cirrus, stem and leaves. The lesions started with small dark brown spots then were gradually expanded. Severely infected plants reached 37.4% of whole plant covered with scab. Numerous conidia were produced on the diseased flower disk, pod, floral axis, stem and leaves. Most of the conidia were appeared to be readily dispersed in the air, but the mycelia were not suggested causing of sooty mold by ectoparasitism. A fungus was isolated from the diseased stem, and inoculated to healthy plants to satisfy the Koch's postulates and proved the fungus was the causal agent of the disease. The isolated fungus grew on potato dextrose agar, forming greenish black to pale brown colonies. Conidia were ellipsoidal, fusiform or subspherical, mostly one-celled but occasionally septated. The conidia were $3.9{\sim}34.1{\times}2.7{\sim}5.1\;{\mu}m$ in size and formed in long branched chains on the erected conidiophores which were pale olivaceous brown and variable in length between $7.2{\sim}210.7\;{\mu}m$ in size. Ramoconidia were $7.6{\sim}29.2{\times}3.2{\sim}14.4\;{\mu}m$ in size. The fungus was identified as Cladosporium cucumerinum based on the above morphological characteristics. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial formation was about 15 to $25^{\circ}C$. Cladosporium scab of sword bean caused by the fungi has not been reported in Korea previously.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.431-436
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• 2013

갈색날개매미충(Ricania sp.)은 블루베리에서 흡즙에 의한 양분손실과 감로로 인한 그을음을 유발하고, 암컷 성충은 1년생 가지의 목질부속에 산란하여 가지를 고사시키는 해충이다. 본 연구는 갈색날개매미충 월동 알들의 실내 온도발육 실험과 노지에서 약충의 부화 시기 조사를 위하여 실시하였다. 충남 예산의 노지재배 블루베리에서 갈색날개매미충 난괴를 채집하여 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, $34^{\circ}C$ (14L:10D) 조건하에서 매일 부화하는 약충수를 조사하였다. 전혀 부화하지 않은 $10^{\circ}C$ 처리구를 제외한 월동 난괴의 온도별 부화소요기간은 평균 107.1, 54.5, 33.9, 25.3, 25.1, 16.7일로 온도가 높을수록 짧아졌고 부화율은 23.1, 30.8, 13.8, 21.7, 11.9, 0.6%로 조사되었다. 노지에서 정확한 부화시기 조사를 위하여 약충으로 부화하자마자 끈끈이트랩에 포획되도록 클립케이지를 설치하여 3~4일 간격으로 포획된 약충수를 조사하였다. 약충은 5월 19일과 22일 사이에 처음 발견되었으며 평균 19.6%의 부화율을 보였다. 조사한 40개의 피해 가지 중 15개의 가지에서는 약충이 전혀 부화하지 않았다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2000

지금까지 우리 나라에서 배를 가해하는 나무이과(Psyllidae) 해충은 배나무이(Cacoosylla pyrisuga)와 꼬마배나무이(C. pyricola) 두 종으로 알려져 있었으나, 정확한 생태가 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구는 꼬마배나무이의 생태를 구명하여 방제기초 자료를 마련하고자 월동생태 및 발생소장, 온도발육 실험 등을 수행하였다. 꼬마배나무이는 겨울형 성충태로 배나무 거친 껍질 밑에서 월동하였으며, 월동성충은 2월 중순경부터 활동을 시작하였다. 성충과 약충이 배나무 잎이나 과실을 흡즙하면서 그을음병을 유발시켜 피해가 발생하였다. 꼬마배나무이의 포장발생 정도는 이상저온이었던 1993년에는 연중 다발생되었고, 한발고온이었던 1994년에는 7월 이후 발생이 급격히 감소하였으며, 기온이 평년수준이었던 1995년에는 7~8월에 발생이 감소하는 경향이었으나 9, 10월 발생이 다시 증가하는 특성을 보였다. 꼬마배나무이 알의 온도별 발육기간은 15, 20, 25, 30, $35^{\circ}C$에거 각각 13.33, 9.32, 7.82, 6.60, 7.75일 이었으며, 1영에서 5영까지 온도별 발육기간은 15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$에서 각각 33.75, 23.77, 15.21, 17.40일 이었다. 고온영역에서 꼬마배나무이의 발육기간은 증가하였고 사망률도 증가하였다. 또한 온도와 꼬마배나무이 발육율과의 관계를 비서형 발육모형과 선형발육모형을 통하여 검토하였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2012

본 실험은 2011년 전남 구례지역의 산수유, 감, 밤 등에 대발생하여 피해가 심한 갈색날개매미충의 기주식물, 산란특성, 형태적 특징, 생활환을 조사하고 친환경 방제자재 선발을 위하여 수행하였다. 갈색날개매미충의 기주식물은 목본류 32종, 초본류 19종을 포함한 51종이였으며, 산란 선호식물은 산수유, 감나무, 밤나무, 두충나무, 때죽나무였다. 알은 길이 1.24 mm, 폭 0.55 mm 의 장타원형으로 1년생 가지 속에 난괴 당 평균 28.8개의 알을 산란하였다. 약충은 4회 탈피하는데 항문 주변에 x자 모양의 흰색 또는 노랑색 밀납물질을 형성한다. 전남 구례지역에서 연 1세대 발생하며 알로 월동하여 부화시기는 5월 중순~6월 상순, 약충시기는 5월 중순~8월 중순, 성충은 7월 중순~11월 중순이며 알은 8월 중순부터 산란한다. 갈색날개매미충은 산란에 의한 1년생 가지 고사, 양분흡즙으로 인한 생육저해, 그을음병 유발에 의한 상품성을 하락시키는 피해를 준다. 갈색날개매미충 약충과 성충 방제에 효과적인 친환경자재는 고삼추출물제와 천연식물추출물제로 살충율이 80% 이상이었다.