• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2008

The turnip aphid is a worldwide pest, damaging mainly to crucifers. In order to understand the life parameters of Lipaphis erysimi for the eventual goal of control, the developmental periods, survival rates, lifespan, and fecundity of the species were investigated under five temperature regimes ($15^{\circ}C-35^{\circ}C$). Furthermore, the efficacy of several environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) that are on the market was subjected to test in order to obtain further accurate information. The developmental period of the turnip aphid nymph was longest at $15^{\circ}C$ as 16.9 days, shortened as temperature goes up to $25^{\circ}C$ (5.4 days), and then somewhat increased at $30^{\circ}C$ (5.9 days), suggesting that the most efficient temperature for nymphal development could be around $25^{\circ}C$. Mortality of the nymphal turnip aphid was obvious at $35^{\circ}C$, whereas it was minimal at other temperature schemes. The longevity of adults shortened as temperature goes up to $30^{\circ}C$. In particular, the maximum lifespan for adults continued for 55 days at $15^{\circ}C$, but shortened to 21 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The total fecundity was 35.7 at $15^{\circ}C$, 81 at $20^{\circ}C$, 64.2 at $25^{\circ}C$, and 6.6 individuals at $30^{\circ}C$, showing the highest fecundity at $20^{\circ}C$. After the turnip aphids were successfully stabilized in indoor environment the insecticidal activity was tested and mortality was determined 12, 24, 36, and 48 hrs after EFAMs are treated. Several on-the-market EFAMs showed more than 90% of insecticidal activity within 24 hrs or 48 hrs, but a few showed less than 90% activity, signifying importance of selection of proper EFAMs.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.271-280
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• 2001

We report on the applicability oj a method recently developed in our laboratory for measuring the antioxidant potential of isolated chemicals and extracts derived from natural products. Peroxyl radicals generated by thermal homolysis of 2,2'-azobis-amidinopropane (ABAP) oxidize $\alpha$-keto-${\gamma}$-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) to ethylene, which is monitored by gas chromatography. Inhibition of ethylene formation in the presence of antioxidants that compete with KMBA for peroxyl radicals is the basis of the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity Assay (TOSCA; Winston et al., 1998). Antioxidative activities of water-soluble extracts of American green tea, the anti-hepatotoxic flavonolignan from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) silybin, Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, and a series of naturally occuring sesquiterpene lactones (all ger-macranolides found in in fungi, liverworts, and plants) were studied. The specific TOSC value per $\mu$M silybin was 5.2, which is essentially comparable to that of Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$, a water-soluble vitamine E analog. Tea and Ginkgo extracts exhibited potent peroxyl radical scavenging capacity with values, respectively of =1700 and 1000 $\mu$mols Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$ equivalent per gram dry matter. The known anti-inflammatory activity of some germacranolides prompted study of their antioxidant capacity. None of the lactones exhibited antioxidant capacity toward peroxyl radicals comparable to Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$; costunilide, the most lipophilic, had a TOSC value = to glutathione. The potential role of peroxyl radicals in lipidperoxidation, other cellular damage, and var-ious disease states suggest a possible preventive role for silybin, green tea and Ginkgo biloba in oxidative stress caused by these free radical species.ecies.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

석굴암은 해체, 복원 및 수차례에 걸친 보수과정을 거쳐 지금에 이르렀다. 현재와 같은 비교적 안정된 환경이 이루어지기 전 까지 오랜 시간에 걸친 자연적인 풍화와 사람에 의한 영향 등에 의해 많은 변화를 겪어 왔다. 석굴암을 이루는 암석은 중립 내지 조립질의 화강섬록암으로 대체로 갈색에서 암갈색에 이르는 풍화면을 보이는데 이는 이 암석의 주구성광물인 장석류의 화학적 풍화에 기인한다. 또한 콘크리트돔이나 균열된 곳에 사용된 시멘트의 풍화물에 의한 표백 및 백화 현상 등에 의해 부분적으로 우백색을 띠거나 때로는 매우 검게 변색되어 있기도 한다. 여러 곳에 크고 작은 균열들이 발달되어 있으며 이는 주로 오랜 풍화작용에 의한 영향과 해체-복원 및 보수 과정중의 충격등에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 일반적인 현상들은 대부분이 현재와 같은 비교적 안정된 환경이 갖추어지기 전에 이루어진 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 앞으로의 더 나은 보전을 위해서는 내부 공기의 온도와 습도, 특히 위치에 따른 상대습도의 지속적인 평형유지, 구조적 균형유지, 그리고 진동 등에 의한 영향을 체계적이고 계속적으로 측정하여 대책을 수립하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1996

In acid-catalyzed acetal cyclization of long aliphatic aldehydes($R=n-C_7H_{15}$ ; $n-C_9H_{19}$ ; $n-C_{11}H_{23}$) with 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, 2-alkyl-5-hydroxymethyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxanes were obtained. The final products, sodium 2-alkyl-5-(sulfonatedpropylethermethyl)-5-ethyl-1,3-propanesultion in the presence of sodium hydride. These compounds were a new group of destructible surfactants which were readily hydrolyzed and oxidized in natural water reservoirs. Physical properties of these new compounds involved some surface properties such as Krafft point(Kp), critical micelle concentration(cmc), surface tension of aqueous solutions near cmc(${\gamma}_{min}$), foaming power, emulsion power and hydrolysis properties were determined. The destructible surfactants containing 1,3-dioxane ring were synthesized to about $85{\pm}5.5%$ yield. The cmc values of the compounds by ring method were assumed to $0.5{\sim}5.0{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$ range and surface tensions at cmc were $29.5{\sim}33.0dyne/cm$ respectively at $25^{\circ}C$. The foaming power and foam stability were $170{\sim}230mm$ and $52{\sim}135mm$ respectively at $1{\times}10^{-2}mol/L$, foam was occurred rarely below $1{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$. The emulsion property of liquid paraffin was better than that of soybean oil. For hydrolysis property with ph and time, these compounds were decomposed within about 200minutes at $ph1{\sim}2$. Hopefully these compounds are expected to be a good O/W emulsifier that have decomposability in acid and may be used in the process which do not need foaming.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.21-23
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• 1982

To develop new potent antitumor substancces with low toxicity from natural products, especially from higher fungi of Korea, the carpophores of some wild basidiomycetes were collected and the antitimor test for their polysaccharides was done. The dried carpophores were extracted with hot water, and from the extracts, crude polysaccharides were obtained by alcohol precipitation. The alcohol precipitated crude polysaccharides were partially purified by dialysis and then used as the samples for antitumor tests. Among tested, the polysaccharide of Laccaria laccata, Trametes sanguineus, Armlliariella mellea, Clitocybe in fundibuliformis, and Xeromphalina campanella respectively showed the inhibition ratio of 75%, 72%, 94% 55%, and 47% when administered i. p. once dailly for ten days at the dose level of 20mg/kg/day into the mice implanted with $10^{6}$ cells of sarcoma 180/mouse. However, those of Craterellus cornucopiodes, Daedaleopsis confrogosa, and Coriolus sp. showed almost no activities.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.158-161
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• 2003

Recently, the evolution in production techniques (e.g. high-speed milling), the complex shapes involved in modem production design, and the ever increasing pressure for higher productivity demand a drastic improvement of the dynamic behavior of the machine tool axes used in production machinery. And also machine tools of multi functional and minimized parts are increasingly required as demand of higher accurate in some fields such as electronic and optical components etc. The accuracy and the productivity of machined parts are natural to depend on the linear system of machine tools. The complex workpiece surfaces encountered in present-day products and generated by CAD systems are to be transformed into tool paths for machine tools. The more complex these tool paths and the higher the speed requirements, the higher the acceleration requirements are needed to the machine tool axes and the motion control system, and the more difficult it is to meet the requirements. The traditional indirect drive design for high speed machine tools, which consists of a rotary motor with a ball-screw transmission to the slide, is limited in speed, acceleration, and accuracy. The direct drive design of machine tool axes. which is based on linear motors and which recently appeared on the market. is a viable candidate to meet the ever increasing demands, because of these advantages such as no backlash, less friction, no mechanical limitations on acceleration and velocity and mechanical simplicity. Therefore performance tests were carried out to machine tool axes based on linear motor. Especially, dynamic characteristics were investigated through circular test.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2016

In milk and milk products, a number of organic acids naturally occur. We investigated the contents of some naturally occurred food preservatives (sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, nitrite, and nitrate) contained in domestic and imported cheeses to establish the standard for the allowable range of food preservatives content in cheese. 8 kinds of domestic precheeses (n=104), 16 kinds of domestic cured cheeses (n=204) and 40 kinds of imported cheeses (n=74) were collected. Each domestic cheese was aged for a suitable number of months and stored for 2 mon at 5℃ and 10℃. No preservatives were detected in domestic soft and fresh cheeses, except cream cheese. In case of semi-hard cheeses, 2-5 mg/kg of benzoic acid was detected after 1-2 mon of aging. In imported cheeses, only benzoic acid and propionic acid were detected. The average benzoic acid and propionic acid contents in semi-hard cheese were 8.73 mg/kg and 18.78 mg/kg, respectively. Specifically, 1.16 mg/kg and 6.80 mg/kg of benzoic acid and propionic acid, respectively, were contained in soft cheese, 3.27 mg/kg and 2.84 mg/kg, respectively, in fresh cheese, 1.87 mg/kg and not detected, respectively, in hard cheese, and 2.07 mg/kg and 182.26 mg/kg, respectively, in blended processed cheese.

• 생약학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1977

In an attempt to deduce which plants might have been used for their anticancer activities in traditional oriental herb medicine, 127 prescriptions were selected from 'Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam', the Classic Handbook of Korean Traditional Medicine, written by $H_{UH}$ Jun and published in 1613. These are the prescriptions indicated for the systemic treatment of various tumors and some conditions resembling tumors, e.g. inflammatory masses and indurations, and they include 150 natural products of plant origin. The frequency of appearance of each medicinal plant in these selected prescriptions was compared with the frequency of its appearance in all prescriptions listed in 'Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyon', another popular Oriental Medicine Formulary in Korea, written by $H_{WANG}\;Pil-Su$ in 1885. From the latter book, $H_{ONG}$ has recently enumerated frequencies of 235 medicinal plants included in a total of 467 prescriptions. Chi-square tests revealed that 11 plant remedies appear with significantly higher frequency in the prescriptions for "tumors", and 10 for "inflammations". The plants with potential antitumor activities, in decreasing order of statistical significance, are Scirpus maritimus, Curcuma zedoaria, Prunus persica, Rheum coreanum, Foeniculum vulgare, Rhus vernifera, Daphne pseudogenkwa, Galarhaeus sieboldiana, Croton tiglium, Raphanus sativus and Galarhaeus pekinensis. The drugs for potential antibacterial or anti-inflammatory activities are Olibanum(Frankincense), Forsythia coreana, Lonicera japonica, Gleditchia officinalis, $M_{YRRH}$, Trichosanhes kirilowii, Astragalus membranaceus, Rheum coreanum, Platycodon grandiflorum and Fritillaria verticillata. Despite the uncertainties involved in the terminology of various diseases used in pre-modern medicine, and the reservations about the efficacy of remedies used for those diseases, it would be worthwhile to investigate these few selected plants for anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory or antifungal effects, employing modern scientific methodology.

• 생약학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.168-177
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• 1986

Bioassay-directed isolation has yielded some cytotoxic substances against L1210 cell from the Korean traditional medicine. These include 5,2'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,6'-teramethoxyflavone $(IV,\;scutellaria\;root,\;ED_{50}\;=\;1.7\;{mu}g/ml)$, 7-geranyloxycoumarin $(XXXII,\;poncirus\;fruit,\;10.2\;{mu}g/ml) $and panaxydol $(I,\;white\;ginseng,\;0.03\;{mu}g/ml)$. IV, XXXII and their derivatives were synthesized in the purpose of in vivo tests and for observation of structure-activity relations. Among the flavone derivatives, 5,2',6'-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone (XVIII), 5-hydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy-6'-benzyloxyflavone (XVII) and 5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone (X) showed the cytotoxicity which has no correlation to the flavone structures. Of the coumarins synthesized, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (XXVI), 6-7-dihydroxycoumarin (XXIX) and 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (XXXI) showed considerable activities. Acetylated XXXI has moderate activity $(ED_{50}=17.2\;{mu}g/ml)$. Monobydroxycoumarins or their methyl and allyl ether were inactive. IV inhibits the growth of the solid form of S-180 by 70% at 40 mg/kg and shows T/C of 166% on the ascitic S-180 at 40 mg/kg. It strongly inhibits the activity of the membrane bounded ATPase from L1210 cell. The most cytotoxic fraction of the antitumor materials studied is the one from the trichosanthes root showing $ED_{50}=0. 0003\;{mu}g/ml$ against L1210 cell. This fraction, obtained from ethyl acetate extract, showed T/C of 130 and 135%, on ICR mice bearing S-180 and $BDF_1$ mice bearing L1210 at 10 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.475-490
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg-$CO_2$ for oystershells, 0.004692kg-$CO_2$ for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-$CO_2$ for bordeaux mixture liquid.