• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of reductive acetogens isolated from ruminants on methane mitigation, and milk performance, respectively. Four acetogens, Proteiniphilum acetatigenes DA02, P. acetatigenes GA01, Alkaliphilus crotonatoxidans GA02, and P. acetatigenes GA03 strains were isolated from ruminants and used in in vitro experiment. A control (without acetogen) and a positive group (with Eubacterium limosum ATCC 8486) were also included in in vitro experiment. Based on higher acetate as well as lower methane producing ability in in vitro trial, P. acetatigenes GA03 was used as inoculum for in vivo experiment. Holstein dairy cows (n = 14) were divided into two groups viz. control (without) and GA03 group (diet supplied with P. acetatigenes GA03 at a feed rate of 1% supplementation). Milk performance and blood parameters were checked for both groups. In in vitro, the total volatile fatty acids and acetate production were higher (p < 0.05) in all 4 isolated acetogens than the control and positive treatment. Also, all acetogens significantly lowered (p < 0.05) methane production in comparison to positive and control groups however, GA03 had the lowest (p < 0.05) methane production among 4 isolates. In in vivo, the rate of milk yield reduction was higher (p < 0.05) in the control than GA03 treated group (5.07 vs 2.4 kg). Similarly, the decrease in milk fat was also higher in control (0.14% vs 0.09%) than treatment. The somatic cell counts (SCC; ×10³/mL) was decreased from 128.43 to 107.00 in acetogen treated group however, increased in control from 138.14 to 395.71. In addition, GA03 increased blood glucose and decreased non-esterified fatty acids. Our results suggest that the isolated acetogens have the potential for in vitro methane reduction and P. acetatigenes GA03 strain could be a candidate probiotic strain for improving milk yield and milk fat in lactating cows with lowering SCCs.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

본 연구는 젖소에 있어서 삭제가 유 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2003년부터 2004년까지 2년간에 걸쳐 축산연구소 개방형 깔짚 우사에서 사육중인 홀스타인 착유우 17두를 대상으로 처리구 9두 및 대조구 8두를 공시하였고 삭제는 분만 후 20일을 전후하여 1회에 한해 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 유기에 따른 두당 1일 유량은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 $28.5{\pm}1.37kg$ 및 $29.0{\pm}0.54kg$, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 $24.5{\pm}0.59kg$ 및 $25.6{\pm}0.60kg$, 201일 이상의 경우 $19.9{\pm}0.42kg$ 및 $19.4{\pm}0.48kg$으로 두당 1일 유량은 유기에 따라 대조구와 삭제구간에 거의 비슷한 수준으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 305일 보정유량에 있어서도 대조구와 삭제구가 각각 $7,235{\pm}371$ 및 $7,472{\pm}356kg$으로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 2. 유기에 따른 체세포수는 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 $220.4{\pm}27.4$ 및 $125.0{\pm}21.1x10^3\;cell/ml$로 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 $167.8{\pm}28.2$ 및 $147.8{\pm}18.2x10^3\;cells/ml$, 201일 이상의 경우 $125.8{\pm}27.2$ 및 $237.1{\pm}90.0X10^3\;cells/ml$로 101일 이상에서는 유기에 따라 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 3. 유기에 따른 유지방은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 3.86% 및 3.56%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.01 % 및 3.76%, 201일 이상의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.29% 및 3.78%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 유단백은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 3.22% 및 3.03%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 공히 3.21%, 201일 이상의 경우 3.50% 및 3.28%로 유단백도 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다. 유당은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 4.76% 및 4.81%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 4.84% 및 4.74%, 201일 이상의 경우 4.59% 및 4.50%로 유당은 전유기에 걸쳐 대조구와 삭제구간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 유고형분은 100일 이하의 경우 대조구 및 삭제구가 각각 12.43% 및 12.36%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 12.78% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제 구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.261-279
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• 1997

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for improvement of raw milk from Jan. to Dec. in 1996. Sampling the milk of 367 cows(1, 406 quarters) from 5 herds in Inchon and were carried out California mastitis test(CMT), somatic cell count(SCC), isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results were summarized as follows, 1. The number of bovine mastitis was 177 cows(48.2%) and 371 quarters(26.4%) : clinical mastitis : 25 cows(6.8%), 32 quarters(2.3%) and subclinicsl mastitis : 152 cows(41.4% ), 339 quarters(24.1%). Incidence rate of mastitis by season were Summer 52.0%, Fall and Winter 48% and Spring 41%. Incidence rate of mastitis by quarters were Summer 30%, Fall 28%, Winter 25% and Spring 21%, respectively. 2. In the distribution of CMT degree by quarter, CMT positive(CMT$\pm$) of 1, 406 quarters milk were 50.1% (704 quarters). The ratio of CMT positivity by quarter were left front quarter 55.8%, right front quarter 48.9%, right hind quarter 48.6% and left hind quarter 47% The ratio of CMT positivity by season were Summer 54.1%, Fall 49.7%, Spring 48.5% and Winter 48% 3. The highest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "A" herd. Mean SCC (cell/ml) of A herd were Summer 2, 032, 000cells/ml, Fall 1, 109, 000cells/ml, Winter 782, 000cells/ml and Spring 577, 000cells/ml. The lowest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "E" herds. Mean SCC of E herd were Summer 1, 064, 000cells/ml, Spring 795, 000cells/m1, Fall 429, 000cells/ml and Winter 400, 000cells/ml. Mean SCC of the other herds by season were little difference. 4. The milk samples of "A" herd were collected from 10 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 2 and 3 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 8 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 4 cows, Winter 3 cows, Spring and Fall 1 cow respectively. The milk samples of "B" herd were collected from 14 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 1 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 5, 9 and 14 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, No. 3, 6 and 7 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Fall and Winter 4 cows respectively, Summer 3 cows and Spring 1 cow. The milk samples of "C" herd were collected from 18 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 16 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 15 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml respectively. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 5 cows, Fall 3 cows, Spring 2 cows and Winter 1 COW. The milk sampes of "D" herd were collected 24 cows. In 3 season, mean SCC of No. 14 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 14 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 17, 19, 20 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Fall 15 cows, Spring and Winter 4 cows respectively and Summer 3 cows. The milk samples of "E" herd were collected from 27 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 23 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Spring and Fall 5 cows respectively, Summer and Winter 2 cows, respectively. 5. The rate of isolated pathogenic microorganisms from bovine mastitis were summarized as follows : Staphylococcus sp 168 strains(45.8%), Streptococcus sp 82 strains(22.3%), Gram(-) sp 45 strains(12.3%), Gram(＋) sp 51 strains and the other sp 21 strains(5.7%). 6. The highest of antibiotic sensitivity test of each microorganism was summarized as follows : Staphyolcoccus sp - cephalosporin 76%, gentamicin 55%, Streptococcus sp - ampicillin 61%, cephalosporin 63%, Gram(-) sp - gentamicin 58%, Gram(＋) sp - cephalosporin 63%, The other sp - cephalosporin 90%. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2006

본 시험은 유질에 영향을 미치는 체세포수에 대하여 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되는 면역물질에 대한 환경효과와 유전모수를 추정하고자 축산연구소에서 사육하고 있는 착유우를 공시하여 이들의 혈액과 우유 시료를 채취하여 조사 분석하였다. 분만산차는 체세포수와 호중구에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고(p<0.01), 비유기는 체세포수와 IgG, 호중구에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 코티솔과 림프구는 산차와 유기에 의하여 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 체세포수의 산차간 비교에서 1, 2, 3 산차간에는 차이가 없었으나 4산차 이상에서는 높아지는 경향이 있어 3산차 이하와 비교 할 시에 유의적인 차이가 있었고 유기별 비교에서는 비유초기(90일 이하)와 비유후기(181일 이후)가 비유중기(91～180) 보다 높게 나타났다. 코티솔은 체세포수의 산차 성적과 마찬가지로 3산차 이하와 4산차 이상 간에 차이가 있었고 비유기별 성적에서는 높아지는 것처럼 보이나 차이는 없었다. 면역물질인 IgG는 1산차와 4산차 이상의 비교에서만 차이가 있었고 유기에서는 비유 초기가 비유 중기와 후기에 비하여 높은 결과를 보였고 림프구는 1산차와 4산차 이상 간에 차이가 있었으나 유기간에는 차이가 없었다. 호중구는 산차가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향으로 2산차 이하와 3산차 이상간에 차이가 있었으며 비유중기 까지는 차이가 없었고 비유 후기에는 높게 나타났다. 체세포수의 유전력은 낮은 수준이지만 유질 개량을 위하여 의미 있을 정도로 높게 추정되었으며 코티솔, 림프구와 부의 높은 유전상관을 보였다. 코티솔의 유전력은 비교적 낮은 수준이었고 림프구, 호중구간의 정의 상관관계를 보였다. IgG의 유전력은 중 정도를 보였으며 림프구와 호중구와는 높은 부의 유전상관을 보였다. 림프구는 높은 유전력을 보였고 호중구와도 높은 유전적 상관을 보였다. 호중구는 체세포수와 비슷한 수준의 유전력을 나타내었다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 코티솔, IgG, 림프구, 호중구가 체세포수와 유전적으로 높은 상관관계를 가지고 있어 우유 품질 개선에 중요한 형질임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 농가의 사육규모가 증가하고 두 당 생산성이 더욱 증가함에 따라 생산성과 질병을 동시에 고려하는 젖소개량 관련 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2014

The goal of this research was to develop a portable system that could be used to evaluate the quality of milk in real time at a raw milk production site. A real-time portable quality evaluation system for raw milk was developed to enable non-destructive quality evaluation of somatic cell count (SCC), fat, protein, lactose, and total solid (TS) in milk samples. A prediction model of SCC, fat, protein, lactose, and TS was constructed using partial least squares (PLS) and 200 milk samples were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the portable quality evaluation system and high performance spectroscopy. Through prediction model development and verification, it was found that the accuracy of high performance spectroscopy was 90% for SSC, 96% for fat, 96% for protein, 91% for lactose, and 97% for TS. In comparison, the accuracy of the portable quality evaluation system was relatively low, at 90% for SSC, 95% for fat, 92% for protein, 89% for lactose, 92% for TS. However, the measurement time for high performance spectroscopy was 10 minutes for 1 sample, while for the portable quality evaluation system it was 6 minutes. This means that the high performance spectroscopy system can measure 48 samples per day (8 hours), while the portable quality evaluation system can measure 80 (8 hours). Therefore, it was found that the portable quality evaluation system enables quick on-site quality evaluation of milk samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.825-835
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc supplementation of Friesian cows on chemical-nutritional and aromatic properties of Caciocavallo cheese after 7 days (C₇) and 120 days (C₁₂₀) of ripening. Methods: Twenty eight Friesian cows, balanced for parity, milk production and days in milk, were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The control group (CG) was fed with a conventional complete diet, while the experimental group (zinc group, ZG) received a daily zinc supplementation of 60 mg for kg of dry complete feed. During the experimental period, the milk yield was monitored and samples of milk and caciocavallo cheese were collected and analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition and aromatic profile. Results: The enrichment of dairy cows diet with zinc, did not influence milk yield and composition, however a marked reduction of somatic cell count was evidenced. Both in milk and cheese the ZG samples were characterized by a lower concentration of satured fatty acids and an increase in oleic, vaccenic and rumenic acids. The aromatic profile of dairy products was also positively affected by dietary zinc intake, with an increase in concentration of carboxylic acids, esters and lactones. Conclusion: The present results suggest a positive role of dietary zinc intake in improving the quality of bovine milk and related cheese, in particular for the increase in concentration of bioactive fatty acids such as rumenic acid. The changes evidenced in cheese through the analysis of the volatile profile, would be consistent with the development of interesting organoleptic properties, although further evaluations should be performed to confirm the consumer acceptability of these changes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1513-1520
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• 2009

Forty-six Holstein heifers were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments to evaluate the effects of 2 diets varying in ruminal fermentable carbohydrate sources, namely ground corn (GC) and rolled wheat (RW), on metabolism and performance of primiparous cows in the periparturient period. The heifers were fed diets as a total mixed ration (TMR) with similar energy and crude protein content including i) 18.57% GC, or ii) 18.57% RW from -24.13${\pm}$7.73 d relative to expected calving until calving. After calving, all animals received the same lactation diet until 28 d. Animals were group fed from the beginning of the study to -7 d relative to expected calving, fed individually from d -7 to 7 days in milk (DIM), and again group fed to 28 DIM. The pre-partum diets affected (p<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), energy intake, energy balance (EB) and urinary pH during the last week pre-partum. There was no effect of pre-partum carbohydrate source on overall plasma concentration of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), albumin, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), insulin, and cortisol during the periparturient period. Cows fed the RW diet during the pre-partum period had greater calcium for the first week (p<0.05) and during 28 d (p = 0.08) of lactation compared with heifers fed the GC diet. Primiparous cows fed the RW diet produced greater milk protein content and yield (p<0.05). Primiparous cows fed the RW diet had lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC) than cows fed the GC diet (p<0.05). The results of this study show that feeding pre-partum diets with a rapidly fermentable source of starch but low energy content can improve animal metabolism and performance and smooth the transition of primiparous Holstein cows from gestation to lactation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.115-120
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• 1985

To probe the subclinical mastitis in a herd of cows in Chonnam district, the electrical conductivity(EC) of 825 foremilk samples were measured for 2 years. Normal (n=487) and mastitic(n=110) foremilk samples were classified by the California mastitis test (CMT) and direct somatic cell count(DSCC) and investigated the relations between the changes of the EC value and the calving history, age, days of postpartum, estrus and causative organism isolated. Obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. In the normal foremilk samples, positive correlation, though not significant, was found between the EC value and calving history (r=0.573) and age (r=0.247). 2. In the normal foremilk samples, the EC values were lowered at 30～120 days of postpartum through the whole lactation period and revealed a tendencies to higher values following the day of postpartum increased untill to the drying off (r=0.823), and the days of postpartum was recognized as one of a influencing factor on the EC value(p<0.05). 3. In the mastitic foremilk samples, significant correlation between EC value and resazurin reduction test (RRT) were observed (r=0.904, p<0.05). 4. In the mastitic foremilk samples, EC values were obtained in the E. coli infection as 63.9mM-NaCl, in the Streptococcus spp. infection as 60.5mM-NaCl and in the Staphylococcus spp. infection as 57.0mM-NaCl. 5. At day 0 of estrus, the mean EC values of normal and mastitic foremilk samples were 41.2mM-NaCl and 68.3mM-NaCl respectively and the EC value of day 0 of estrus was higher than that of days before and after estrus.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.524-528
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• 2005

심장질환 등을 유발하는 콜레스테롤을 함유한 동물성 지방을 제조공정을 통하여 제거하고 conventional milk의 기호도와 유사한 cholesterol free 우유를 제조한 후 품질특성을 살펴보았다. 동물성 지방 함량은 대조구와 콜레스테롤을 제거한 실험구 간에 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 (p<0.05), 모든 시료는 알코올, 가수, 체세포수에서 안정성이 있는 품질 특성을 나타내었다. 콜레스테롤은 대조구의 7 mg/100 mL에 비해 실험구는 검출되지 않아 건강에 유익할 수 있는 결과가 나타났다. 모든 시료에서 미생물은 검출되지 않았고, 아플라톡신 $M_1$, 항생물질(7종) 및 합성항균제(15종) 잔류물질도 음성이어서 품질적 차이가 없었다. 색도와 관능검사 중 color는 대조구와 CFM1이 유의성(p<0.05)이 있었으나 CFM2는 차이가 크지 않았다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 실험구 중 CFM2가 보통 우유와 품질적으로 유사한 건강지향적인 cholesterol free 우유의 개발 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2007

Streptococcus spp. comprising Streptococcus (S.) uberis S. dysgalactiae strains is major causeof bovine mastitis from particularly well-managed or low somatic cell count herds that have successfullycontrolled contagious pathogens. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of S.uberis isolated from clinical or subclinical mastitis milk at 2003 were investigated. Eighty seven isolatesof Streptococus spp. were identified by the conventional biochemical methods. The antimicrobialsusceptibility by disk diffusion method was determined for 46 S. uberis, 11 S. bovis, 10 S. oralis, 6 S.uberis and 14 other Streptococcus spp.. Overall, the tested strains were susceptible to tetracycline (11.5%),amikacin (14.9%), streptomycin (16.1%), neomycin (26.4%), kanamycin (35.6%), gentamicin (65.2%),oxacillin (70.1%), ampicillin (75.9%), chloramphenicol (78.2%), and cephalothin (97.7%). Additionally, S.uberis strains were susceptible to pencillin G (97.8%), but resistant to erythromycin (76.0%) by minimalinhibitory concentration test. The multiple-drug resistance rate of isolated bacteria to 4 more thanamplification fingerprinting patterns amplifed with primer 8.6d showed that 3 to 8 number of distinguishableDNA fragments ranged from 180 bp to 1,20 bp. Thirty seven isolates of S. uberis strains were subtypedinto 8 distinct patterns. Each subtype revealed a typical pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities. Thesefindings demonstrate that S. uberis isolates were mastitis pathogens of diverse serotypes, and oftenencountered the diverse resistant patterns.