• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.242-250
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• 2007

This study evaluated the storage stability of a variety of sauce products in the Korean market, determined primary quality indices for three typical products, and proposed functional relationships that are useful for determining shelf life at different temperatures. Most of the products examined were found to combine hurdles of low pH, low water activity, and the use of heat processing as methods for producing the required storage stability while maintaining the sensory quality of the products. For a meat extract solution produced for cold noodles (pH=4.3; $a_w=0.98$), the primary quality change determining shelf life was lipid oxidation, determined here by the TBA value. The primary quality index of a soybean paste seasoning mix (pH=4.0; $a_w=0.78$), which had a microbial load of 2.8 log (CFU/g), was a decrease in its pH. The primary quality index for a sandwich spread (pH=4.0; $a_w=0.88$) was changes in its surface color. The temperature dependence of changes in the primary quality indices can be described by the Arrhenius equation, which can estimate the shelf life at any arbitrary limit as a function of temperature. The activation energies for changes in the primary quality indices of the meat extract solution, the soybean paste seasoning, and the sandwich spread were 20.3, 27.2, and 43.5 kJ/mol, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.722-726
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• 1996

온도변화에 따라 상태가 변하는 가역적 교질특성과 강한 gel화능으로 식품첨가물 뿐만 아니라 공업적으로 널리 쓰이는 한천을 식품산업에서 신소재로서 기능성물질로 개발하기 위하여 제주 우도산 우뭇가사리로 부터 한천을 열수 추출하여 유동학적 특성을 검토하였다. 한천용액은 비뉴우톤 유체로서 농도가 높아짐에 따라 pseudoplastic특성을 강하게 나타내었으며, 한천용액의 유동특성값으로 유동성지수는 $0.5\~5\%$의 범위에서 $80^{\circ}C,\;60^{\circ}C$ 및 $50^{\circ}C$에서 각각 $0.62\~0.69,\;0.46\~0.67$ 및 $0.34\~0.64$이였으며, 농도의 증가에 따라 감소 하였다. 그리고 점조도지수는 $0.12\~1.26\;Pa{\cdot}s^n,\;0.12\~7.28\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$ 및 $3.9\~19952.6\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$이였고, 농도가 증가할수록 그 값이 증가하였다. 점조도지수의 농도의존성은 한천농도 $2\%$를 경계로 기울기가 서로 다른 두개의 직선관계를 보였으며, 온도의존성은 Arrhenius식에 잘 따랐으며, 한천용액의 농도 $0.5\~5\%$ 범위에서 활성화에너지는 $0.09\~13.51\;Kcal/g{\cdot}mol$이였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2009

본 연구는 탄닌 성분이 다량 함유된 율피를 사용하여 폐수 중 중금속 3종(Cd, Pb, Cu)에 대한 흡착특성을 알아보고 향후 폐수처리공정에서 생물흡착소재의 적응가능성을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 실험에 사용한 인공폐수에는 Cu, Pb, Cd을 첨가하여 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, 150, 200 mg $L^{-1}$ 오염시켰으며 pH 5.5에서 흡착실험을 진행하였다. 율피의 중금속 흡착량은 중금속 유형별로 차이를 나타내었으며 중금속 농도가 증가함에 따라 흡착량이 증가하다가 점차 증가율이 감소하여 일절한 평형에 도달하는 경향을 나타내었는데 이는 율피의 표면이 피흡착물질로 채워져 비어있는 흡착가능 영역이 감소하기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 상기 연구 결과를 Freundlich 및 Langmuir 모델에 적응한 결과 $r^2$값은 Langmuir 모델에서 Pb, Cu, Cd 3가지 중금속 모두 0.99 이상으로 높게 나타났으며 각 중금속에 대한 율피의 흡착친화도는 Pb>Cu>Cd 순으로 최대흡착량($q_m$)은 Pb 31.25 mg $g^{-1}$, Cu 7.87 mg $g^{-1}$, Cd 6.85 mg $g^{-1}$로 조사되었다. FT-IR 분석결과 율피는 1080 $cm^{-1}$에서 carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group과 1200 $cm^{-1}$에서 1700 $cm^{-1}$ 사이의 carboxylate group, carboxyl group, methylene group, ester group 등이 존재하는 것으로 조사되었다. SEM 분석 결과 중금속 이온 흡착 전에는 표면이 매끄럽게 안정된 모습이 관찰되었지만 중금속 흡착 반응 후 전자밀도가 높은 부분이 관찰되어 중금속 이온이 흡착되었을 것으로 판단되었고 EDS 분석을 수행한 결과 중금속 이온의 흡착 후 표면의 납 이온 피크가 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 율피에 의한 중금속 이온의 흡착은 물리적인 흡착보다는 관능기에 의한 화학적 흡착일 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1428-1438
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• 2016

In the present work, Arthrobacter sp. 25, a lead-tolerant bacterium, was assayed to remove lead(II) from aqueous solution. The biosorption process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design. The relationships between dependent and independent variables were quantitatively determined by second-order polynomial equation and 3D response surface plots. The biosorption mechanism was explored by characterization of the biosorbent before and after biosorption using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 9.6 mg/g was obtained at the initial lead ion concentration of 108.79 mg/l, pH value of 5.75, and biosorbent dosage of 9.9 g/l (fresh weight), which was close to the theoretically expected value of 9.88 mg/g. Arthrobacter sp. 25 is an ellipsoidal-shaped bacterium covered with extracellular polymeric substances. The biosorption mechanism involved physical adsorption and microprecipitation as well as ion exchange, and functional groups such as phosphoryl, hydroxyl, amino, amide, carbonyl, and phosphate groups played vital roles in adsorption. The results indicate that Arthrobacter sp. 25 may be potentially used as a biosorbent for low-concentration lead(II) removal from wastewater.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.195-203
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 기능성(機能性) elastomer 개발(開發)의 일환(一環)으로서 1-chlorobutadiene-butadiene copolymer(CB-BR)의 수가교(水架橋)에 의(依)한 기능성(機能性)의 향상(向上)에 그 목적(目的)을 두었으며 가교제(架橋劑)로서 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane을 이용(利用)하여 CB-BR의 활성염소(活性鹽素)와의 용액반응(溶液反應)을 속도론적(速度論的)으로 해석(解析)하였다. 그리고 APS와 CB-BR을 실제공정(實際工程)에서 배합(配合)하여 수중가교반응(水中架橋反應)을 진행(進行)시켜 이에 따른 물성(物性) 검토(檢討)를 하므로써 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. CB-BR은 용액계(溶液系)에서 APS와 용이(容易)하게 반응(反應)하며 이때의 반응(反應) 속도상수(速度常數) 및 활성화(活性化)에너지는 다음과 같다. 2. CB-BR+APS 수가교체(水架橋體)의 최적(最適) press 조건(條件)은 $150^{\circ}C{\cdot}20$분(分)이고 이들 가교체(架橋體)의 물성(物性)을 고무탄성체(彈性體) 이론(理論)에 의하여 가교진행(架橋進行)의 타당성(妥當性)을 검토(檢討)한 결과 이론치(理論値) q=1에 근접(近接)함을 알았다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 화학적 표면처리에 따른 카본블랙의 구조 변화가 카본블랙/고무 복합재료의 경화거동 및 tearing energy ($G_T$)에 어떠한 영향을 주는가에 대하여 관찰하였다. 실험적 결과를 통하여, 극성 및 무극성 용액으로 화학적 표면 처리한 카본블랙은 극성 또는 무극성 관능기의 발달로 카본블랙의 물리적 구조의 변화를 가져 왔다. Kissinger 식으로부터 얻은 카본블랙/고무 복합재료의 경화 거동은 경화 활성화 에너지 (cure activation energy, Ea)와 진동 인자 (frequency factor, A)가 분산력이 좋은 시편에서 감소하여 결과적으로 높은 반응성을 나타내는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 한편, 염기성 용액으로 처리한 BCB와 무극성 용액으로 표면 처리한 NCB는 충전재로 사용된 카본블랙/고무 복합재료의 기계적 물성 중 tearing energy를 증가시켰다. 이러한 결과는 분산력 또는 agglomerate의 발달, 표면 관능기, 기공 부피 (void volume), 그리고 카본블랙/고무 복합재료의 가교밀도 (cross-linking density)등으로 설명될 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권12호
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• pp.4671-4677
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• 2023

For the first time Pb, Ni, and Cu nanocomposites were synthesized by versatile solution combustion synthesis using Aloevera extract as a reducing agent, to study the potential applications in X-ray/gamma, neutron, and Bremsstrahlung shielding. The synthesized Lead-Nickel-Copper (LNC) nanocomposites were characterized by PXRD, SEM, UV-VIS, and FTIR for the confirmation of successful synthesis. PXRD analysis confirmed the formation of multiphase LNC NCs and the Scherrer equation and the W-H plot gave the average crystal sizes of 19 nm and 17 nm. Surface morphology using SEM and EDX confirmed the presence of LNC NCs. Strong absorption peaks were analyzed by UV visible spectroscopy and the direct energy gap is found to be 3.083 eV. Functional groups present in the LNC NCs were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. X-ray/gamma radiation shielding properties were measured using NaI(Tl) detector coupled with MCA. It is found to be very close to Pb. Neutron shielding parameters were compared with traditional shielding materials and found LNC NCs are better than lead and concrete. Secondary radiation shielding known as Bremsstrahlung shielding characteristics also studied and found that LNC NCs are best in secondary radiation shielding. Hence LNC NCs find shielding applications in ionizing radiation such as X-ray/gamma and neutron radiation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.2523-2528
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• 2014

In the present study, at first, azo Schiff base ligand of (N,N'-bis(5-phenylazosalicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine) ($H_2L$) has been synthesized by condensation reaction of 5-phenylazosalicylaldehyde and ethylenediamine in 2:1 molar ratio, respectively. Then, its cobalt complex (CoL) was synthesized by reaction of $Co(OAc)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ with ligand ($H_2L$) in 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol solvent. This ligand and its cobalt complex containing azo functional groups were characterized using elemental analysis, $^1H$-NMR, UV-vis and IR spectroscopies. Subsequently, the interaction between native calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) and CoL complex was investigated in 10 mM Tris/HCl buffer solution, pH = 7 using UV-vis absorption, thermal denaturation technique and viscosity measurements. From spectrophotometric titration experiments, the binding constant of CoL complex with ct-DNA was found to be $(2.4{\pm}0.2){\times}10^4M^{-1}$. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated by van't Hoff equation.The enthalpy and entropy changes were $5753.94{\pm}172.66kcal/mol$ and $43.93{\pm}1.18cal/mol{\cdot}K$ at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Thermal denaturation experiments represent the increasing of melting temperature of ct-DNA (about $0.93^{\circ}C$) due to binding of CoL complex. The results indicate that the process is entropy-driven and suggest that hydrophobic interactions are the main driving force for the complex formation.

• 공업화학
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.678-685
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• 1992

기능성 단량체가 점착물성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 아크릴산과 기타 단량체로 아크릴 수지를 라디칼 용액중합을 이용하여 4원공중합시킨 후 물성을 측정하였으며, 또한 최적 점착 물성을 얻기 위하여 통계적 분석 방법을 이용하여 검토하였다. 점착물성에 있어서 아크릴산이 아크릴아미드보다 점착력의 증가에 미치는 영향이 컸다. 반면에 tackiness의 감소에 있어서는 아크릴아미드의 영향이 아크릴산 보다 컸다. 통계적 방법을 인용하여 점착물성 중 점착력, tackiness 그리고 응집력을 최적화 시킨 결과 단량체의 성분 비율은 부틸 아크릴레이트 81.7 mole%, 아크릴산 8.0 mole%, 아크릴아미드 2.1 mole%, 비닐아세테이트 8.2 mole% 일 때로 나타났고 이 때의 추정 회귀식은 다음과 같았다. $D=.857+.072X_1-.114X_2-.027X_3-.126X_1{^2}-.046X_1{\cdot}X_2-.063X_1{\cdot}X_3-.152X_2{^2}+.027X2{\cdot}X_3-.120X_3{^2}$ $X_1$:coded acylic acid, $X_2$:coded acylamide, $X_3$:coded vinylacetate

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil selenium (Se) supplementation level on Se contents of green tea and milk vetch. Four different concentrations of sodium selenite ($Na_2SeO_3$) solutions (0.0, 3.3, 33.0 and 165.0${\mu}g/mL$) were prepared and one liter of each solution was well mixed with 10 kg of compost (cowpea soil) to give four different levels of Se-containing soil: $T_1$, 0; $T_2$, 33; $T_3$, 330; $T_4$, and 1,650${\mu}g$/100 g soil. Green tea plants and milk vetch were individually cultivated in those soils for 60 days. Se contents of freeze-dried green tea leaves were 6.87, 10.40, 12.04, and 20.19 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively; all of which were significantly different (p<0.05) from the others except for $T_2$ and $T_3$. The results showed that Se-contents of green tea leaves were increased 1.5$\sim$2.9 times as the Se level in the soil increased. Regression equation between Se contents in green tea (Y) and soil Se supplementation level (X) was: Y=0.007X＋8.857. However, Se contents in the milk vetch were increased significantly (p<0.05) more with the same treatments $T_3$ (74 ${\mu}g/g$) and $T_4$ (187$\mu$g/g) in comparison to those at $T_1$ (5.0 ${\mu}g/g$) and $T_2$ (12.0$\mu$g/g). The increases ranged from approximately between 2.4 to 37.4 times that of the control group. Regression equation between Se contents in milk vetch (Y) and soil Se supplementation level (X) was: Y=0.1063X＋15.989. The large difference of Se contents between green tea leaves and milk vetch would be attributed by the difference of protein contents between the 30% or higher protein-content of legumes and 15$\sim$20% protein of shrubs. The present study clearly indicates that green tea leaves and milk vetch can be enriched in selenium by supplementing the soil with Se. Therefore, Se-enriched green tea or milk vetch powder could be utilized as functional foods in Se-fortified green tea drinks or salads, or as food additives to enhance the daily intake of Se.