• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.525-532
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• 2014

Since mine wastes were merely dumped in the mine waste dump, they have produced acid mine drainage (AMD). Therefore, main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coal combustion products (CCPs) on heavy metal stabilization and detoxification for mine wastes. Total six treatments for incubation test were conducted depending on mixing method (completely mixing and layered). Also, lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine efficiency of polyacrylamide (PAM) on reduction of mine wastes erosion. Result of incubation test showed that concentrations of soluble aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) in leachate decreased compared to control. The lowest soluble Al and Fe in leachate was observed in 50% mixed treatment (14.2 and $1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Al and Fe respectively) compared to control treatment (253.0 for Al and $52.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Fe). The pH of mine wastes (MW) and leachate increased compared to control after mixing with CCPs and ordered as control (MW 6.4, leachate 6.3) < 10% (MW 7.7, leachate 7.1) < 20% (MW 9.0, leachate 7.8) < 30% (MW 9.5, leachate 8.3) < 40% (MW 9.9, leachate 8.5) < 50% (MW 10.5, leachate 8.6). Application of PAM, both in liquid and granular type, dramatically decreased the suspended solid (SS) concentration of CCPs treatments. Reduction of SS loss was ordered as MW70CR30L ($24.4mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPL ($6.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > NT ($3.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30M ($1.6mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPL ($1.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30PGM ($0.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPG ($0.5mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPG ($0.4mg\;L^{-1}$). Overall, application of CCPs can be environmental friendly and cost-effective way to remediate coal mine wastes contaminated with heavy metals. In addition, use of PAM could help to prevent the erosion coal mine wastes in mine waste disposal area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2010

The biochemical composition of wild and cultured yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis, was analyzed in this study. The moisture contents in wild and cultured yellow croaker was high: $75.2{\pm}1.60%$ and $79.5{\pm}1.95%$, respectively. The crude lipid contents of wild and cultured yellow croaker were low; moreover, the crude protein and ash contents did nol differ significantly (P>0.05). The total amino acid content of wild and cultured yellow croaker did not differ significantly; however, the cystine content of wild yellow croaker was higher than than of cultured yellow croaker. The essential /nonessential amino acid (E/NE) ratio in wild and cultured yellow croaker was $0.76{\pm}0.01$ and $0.77{\pm}0.02$, respectively. The free amino acid and extractive nitrogen contents of cultured yellow croaker were high and differed significantly. The water soluble vitamin ($B_1$, $B_2$, $B_6$, $B_{12}$, C and folate) and fat-soluble vitamin (A and E) contents did not differ significantly. expect for niacin. The niacin content of cultured yellow croaker was higher than that of wild yellow croaker. The fatty acid composition of wild and cultured yellow croaker did not differ significantly The sodium, magnesium, and copper contents in wild yellow croaker were relatively low. In comparison, the calcium, phosphorus and iron contents in cultured yellow croaker were relatively high. Overall, the biochemical composition of wild and cultured yellow croaker did not differ significantly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.493-501
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• 2007

The membrane pilot plant has being operated in the Hyeondo pumping station to find the optimal operation technique of Gong-Ju membrane water treatment plant (WTP) which is constructing in $250m^3/d$ scale. The pilot plant was consisted of two trains which can treat $30,000m^3/d$ per train. First train was operated for one year under the condition of flux $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ while the effects of flux variation and addition of powdered activated carbon(PAC) were evaluated in second train. The turbidity of membrane product water of first train which is operated on Flux $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ was always below 0.05 NTU regardless of raw water turbidity. And also, the trance-membrane pressure(TMP) was maintained at $0.3{\sim}0.5kgf/cm^2$ for about 9 months and increased rapidly to $1.8kgf/cm^2$ which is maximum operating TMP. However, TMP was rapidly increased to $1.8kgf/cm^2$ within 2 months as flux was increased from 1 to $2m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$, especially, within 10 days under high turbidity(30~50NTU). This reault means that if Gongju membrane WTP is operated in flux $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$, chemical cleaning period can be maintained over 6 months. Only 10% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed in membrane process while the removal efficiencies of manganese and iron were 60% and 77% respectively. However, because only solid manganese and iron were removed in membrane process, an additional process for treating soluble manganese is required if souble manganese is high in raw water. 70% of 70ng/L 2-MIB which is causing taste & odor was removed in powdered activated carbon (PAC) tank with 50mg/L PAC which is design concentration of Gongju WTP. In addition, TMP was reduced with addition of 50mg/L PAC regardless of flux. Because TMP was not influenced even if 100mg/L PAC was added, the high taste and odor problem can be controled by additional injection of PAC.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.639-653
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the regional 야fferences in dietary supplement use and related factors among college students participating in nutritional education programs via the internet. The subjects in this study were 797 college students (male: 518, female: 279). A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire about dietary supplement use, demographic characteristics, health-related lifestyles, nutrient intake, and data were collected via the internet and by mail. Dietary supplements were taken by 82.2% of subjects (males: 76.3%, females: 85.3%). There was a significant regional difference in supplement use (p<0.01). The supplements, used most frequent by male students in the Seoul and Incheon areas were lactic acid beverages and gagogi, in that order. Male students in the Kyunggi area used gagogi and lactic acid beverages in that order. Lactic acid beverages and Chinese medicine were used most frequently by male students in the Chungcheong area. Male students in the Kyungsang area used lactic acid beverages and water-soluble vitamins, in that order. Male students in Seoul and Kyungsang areas showed significantly higher percentage of keep on taking supplements compared to other areas (p<0.05). Both male and female students in the Seoul area had more frequent medical examinations, in comparison to students in other areas (p<0.05). Male students in the Kyungsang and Seoul areas took significantly more calcium (p<0.05) and iron (p<0.05), in comparison to students in other areas. Female students id the Kyunsang area took significantly more Vitamin A, phosphorous and iron (p<0.05), while those in the Seoul area took significantly more Vitamin C (p <0.01) and calcium (p<0.05) . Male students in the Chungcheong area took significantly less seaweed, in comparison to students in other areas (p<0.05) . Male students in the Seoul area had the highest amount of animal fat and oil, while those in the Incheon area ate the lowest amount of animal oil and fat (p<0.05). Female students in the Kyunggi area ate the highest amount of fruit, while those in the Incheon area ate the lowest amount of fruit (p< 0.05) , Female students in the Incheon area ate the highest amount of seaweed, while those in the Kyunggi area ate the lowest amount of seaweed (p<0.01). Therefore, it can be concluded that it is necessary to develop dietary supplements to optimize the nutritional status of college students in different areas of Korea.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2002

Microbial metal reduction influences the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and metals as well as plays an important role in the bioremediation of metals, radionuclides, and organic contaminants. The use of bacteria to facilitate the production of magnetite nanoparticles and the formation of carbonate minerals may provide new biotechnological processes for material synthesis and carbon sequestration. Metal-reducing bacteria were isolated from a variety of extreme environments, such as deep terrestrial subsurface, deep marine sediments, water near Hydrothemal vents, and alkaline ponds. Metal-reducing bacteria isolated from diverse extreme environments were able to reduce Fe(III), Mn(IV), Cr(VI), Co(III), and U(VI) using short chain fatty acids and/or hydrogen as the electron donors. These bacteria exhibited diverse mineral precipitation capabilities including the formation of magnetite ($Fe_3$$O_4$), siderite ($FeCO_3$), calcite ($CaCO_3$), rhodochrosite ($MnCO_3$), vivianite [$Fe_3$($PO_4$)$_2$ .$8H_2$O], and uraninite ($UO_2$). Geochemical and environmental factors such as atmospheres, chemical milieu, and species of bacteria affected the extent of Fe(III)-reduction as well as the mineralogy and morphology of the crystalline iron mineral phases. Thermophilic bacteria use amorphous Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide plus metals (Co, Cr, Ni) as an electron acceptor and organic carbon as an electron donor to synthesize metal-substituted magnetite. Metal reducing bacteria were capable of $CO_2$conversion Into sparingly soluble carbonate minerals, such as siderite and calcite using amorphous Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide or metal-rich fly ash. These results indicate that microbial Fe(III)-reduction may not only play important roles in iron and carbon biogeochemistry in natural environments, but also be potentially useful f3r the synthesis of submicron-sized ferromagnetic materials.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.413-421
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate physicochemical properties of porcine blood hydrolyzed by proteases under various conditions for utilization as a food source. Five kinds of proteases (Alcalase, Neutrase, Protex-40L, PTPF-1430, and KMFP-15) were tested at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%, w/v) during hydrolysis at 55 for 4 hr. Hydrolysis with $^{\circ}C$ KMFP-15 showed the lowest pH by 7.3. The highest soluble solid ($24.3^{\circ}Brix$) and free amino acid (4,944 mg%) contents were obtained by hydrolysis with KMFP-15 (w/v) at 0.2% addition level, which was not significantly different from the sample hydrolyzed at 0.3% level. Under the optimal condition of KMFP-15 at 0.2%, porcine blood was hydrolyzed at 60 up to 8 hr. The $^{\circ}C$ free amino acid content reached the highest at 4 hr, and then decreased with longer hydrolysis time. Under the optimal hydrolysis conditions, porcine blood hydrolysis powder had plenty of crude proteins, amino acids, and minerals, including iron, potassium, and zinc. The results showed that porcine blood could be utilized as an useful source of food supplement. The optimum conditions of hydrolyzing porcine blood, using 0.2 KMFP at $60^{\circ}C$ for 4 hr, can be used in the commercial production of protein supplements, amino acid sources, and iron fortifying agents.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.152-156
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• 2002

Soils near abandoned zinc mines were known to be contaminated with arsenic-rich mining by-products. To examine the potential impacts of arsenic- contaminated soils on plant growth, surface soils were subjected to sequential extraction. Results revealed that 54% and 74% total As and 74% total extractable As were bound to iron hydrous oxide, and water soluble fraction was below detection limit. Arsenic faction extracted using the Koran standard method(dissolution of metals via treatment of 1 N HCI) was strongly correlated with the Fe-bound As fraction ($r^2=0.884**$). Arsenic level in rice plant roots was the highest with a maximum value of 154.9 mg/kg, whereas it was below 0.6 mg/kg in grains. Arsenic level in rice plant roots was strongly correlated with those of Al-bound As ($r^2=0.821**$) and 1N HCI-extractable As levels ($r^2=0.801**$).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.544-548
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• 2009

Purpose : To elucidate a potential association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in infants and children in terms of the other factors related to iron utilization and storage although the association of ferritin was previously studied. Methods : We evaluated 135 infants (aged 6-24 months) admitted at Gyeongsang National University Hospital from 2000 to 2006. Western blot assays using the HP CagA antigen (120 kD) were conducted to identify infections. The concentrations of six parameters were measured: hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, soluble serum transferrin receptors, interleukin-6, prohepcidin, and C-reactive protein. In addition, the infants were classified into IDA, anemia from inflammation (AI), unclassified anemia (UCA), and normal groups on the basis of Hb and ferritin concentrations. Results : In the IDA group (n=20), seven infants were infected with HP, with the other infants showing no evidence of infection. The mean Hb levels in the IDA group were significantly lower in HP-infected infants than those uninfected (7.1 vs. 8.2 g/dL, respectively); the mean ferritin levels were also significantly lower in the infected infants (3.2 vs. $6.8{\mu}g/L$). The other four parameters did not differ significantly among the IDA infants. No correlations were found between the six parameters and HP infection status in the other groups. Conclusion : There were no significant differences in the HP infection rates among the study groups. However, in the IDA group, the HP-infected infants had significantly lower serum ferritin and Hb levels than the HP-negative infants (P<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.608-618
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• 2001

To understand the weathering processes of the soil by submicroscopic method is very important to realize the properties of the soils. In this study soil formation processes show every steps to the changes in chemical and mechanical properties and the submicroscopic characteristics of soil weathering on the profiles of forest soils derived from granite in southern part of Korea. Fecal pellets(SEM) are given a full detail of the positive activities of the forest soil animals; mainly invertebrates in the O horizon and the E horizon. External shapes of fecal pellets have been divided into five groups : spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, platy and threadlike. But doughnutlike form of fecal pellets is observed in this study. The soluble and suspended materials in the soils move downwards by percolation from the A horizon to the B or the BC horizons, and result in the illuviation cutans(SEM) on the ped surface of the lower horizon and deposited stack of kaolinite. Illuviated cutans are deposited on the ped surface even in the depth of 312cm in the BC horizon as well as the Bt horizon and comprise of fine silt, coarse clay and fine clay. A lot of halloysites are observed on the cutan surface. Halloysite formation from feldspars has been well known but a lot of hallyosite formation are observed in this study. The formation were predicted by Jackson(1962), inferred by Wada and Kakuto(1983a, b) and proved evidently by Cho and Mermut(1992a, b). This also suggests that halloysites in the soils derived from granite are formed a lot from ferruginous chlorites. The release of Fe from the chlorite structure are significant pedogenic processes and newly formed Fe oxides imparted a red color to the soils. The iron oxides particles, which are ejected and recrystalized, aggregate thickly on the edge of the ferruginous chlorites, and this indicates the release of structural Fe from weathered chlorites. Hematites and goethites are frequent in the fine clay in this soils.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.102-111
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• 2012

Fine suspended solids generated effluence from treatment process of mine drainage could destroy environment as the aesthetic landscapes, and depreciate water quality. Therefore, the purpose of this research is focused on process development applied the actual field for controlling fine suspended solids and heavy metals, and so lab-scale test was performed for inducement of basic data. The mine drainage used in this research was sampled in H mine located Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do. Concentration of suspended solid, arsenic, iron and manganese was exceeded the standard of contaminant limitation for the clean water, and particle size of suspended solid was less than 10 m as fine particle. Although hydraulic retention time of mine drainage for effective settling was required more than 6 hours, hydraulic retention time would be increased in winter season when the settling efficiency could be reduced because of viscosity decreasing. Moreover, installed inclination plate helped to increase settling efficiency of suspended solid about 48 %. Filtering media that was the most effective removal of suspended solids and heavy metal was decided granular activated carbon of 1~2 mm was the optimal size.