• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2008

본 연구는 여러 종류의 소금(한국산 천일염, 정제염, 함초 해수농축염, 함초 스프레이 천일염, 해수농축염, 분무건조염)을 사용하여 제조한 새우젓의 발효과정 중 이화학적 및 관능적 특성에 대하여 조사하였다. 발효 60일까지는 분무건조염으로 제조한 새우젓의 암모니아태 질소의 함량이 다른 소금에 비하여 낮은 값을 보였으며 아미노태 질소 역시 발효기간 동안 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 발효 90일에는 함초 성분이 포함된 소금으로 제조한 새우젓의 아미노태 질소 값이 약 980 mg%로 가장 높았고 분무건조염은 680 mg%로 가장 낮아 소금 종류에 따른 차이를 보였다. 그러나 아미노태 질소는 발효가 진행됨에 따라 그 차이가 감소하였다. VBN은 발효 14일부터 60일까지 분무건조염으로 제조한 새우젓이 다른 시료에 비해 낮은 값을 보였으며 TMA는 발효 180일 후 정제염이 가장 높은 값을 나타내어 소금의 종류에 따라 근소한 차이를 보였다. 180일 동안 발효시킨 새우젓을 대상으로 실시한 관능평가의 결과 짠맛, 전체적인 맛, 전체적인 기호도 등에서 시료 간에 유의적인 차이가 나타났고, 천일염 및 가공염으로 제조한 새우젓이 전체적인 기호도에서 정제염으로 제조한 새우젓에 비해 높게 평가되었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2005

여러 종류의 소금으로 절임한 배추로 김치 담금 후 $25^{\circ}C$에서 숙성시키면서 품질변화를 조사한 결과, 모든 김치에서 pH는 담금 직후부터 감소하여 2일 후에 최적가식 범위인pH 4.2에 도달하였고, 산도도 pH의 결과와 동일한 양상을 나타내었다. 염도는 각 소금의 종류에 따라 침투력의 차이를 보여 절임효율이 높은 세척 탈수염과 기계염이 다른 김치 보다 높은 염도를 나타냈다. 김치발효 미생물의 경우 총균수는 기계염에 비해 다른 종류의 소금으로 제조한 김치에서 그 생육양상이 빨리 진행되었고, Lactobacillus속의 경우 발효 7일째까지 계속 증가하는 경향을, Leuconostoc속의 경우 숙성 4일째까지 증가하다가 감소하였다. Pediococcus속은 숙성 중기부터 증가하여 완만한 증가와 감소를 나타내었으며, Streptococcus속은 숙성 6일 후에 급속히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 유산균의 경우 소금종류에 따라 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 김치 발효과정 중 생성된 유기산등 여러 성분들과 반응하여 김치숙성이 시작되는 2일째에 색도 변화는 L, a 그리고 b값이 크게 감소하였다. 김치의 텍스쳐는 절임초기에 급격히 감소하였다가 절임시간이 증가하면서 경향은 뚜렷하지 않으나 전반적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 천일염, 세척탈수염, 기계염, 환원염을 사용하여 제조한 김치는 서로 뚜렷한 이화학적, 물리적, 미생물학적 차이가 없었지만, 김치의 숙성 중 산도의 변화 및 총균수에 대한 생육양상의 결과로 볼 때 기계염 보다는 천일염의 경우가 김치발효에 더욱 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of refined, solar, and bamboo salt on the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of cured pork loin. Moisture, protein, fat, and ash content, lightness, yellowness, cooking yield, and color, juiciness, and tenderness of sensory properties on curing pork loin exhibited no significant differences regardless of the nature of salts. The pH of raw and cooked cured pork loin with added bamboo salt was higher that of other salt treatments. However, the cooking loss, and Warner-Bratzler shear force of cured pork loin with added refined salt was lower than those of solar and bamboo salt pork loins cured. The flavor and overall acceptability scores of treatments with refined salt was higher than those of solar and bamboo salt treatments. The unique flavor of bamboo salt can render it as a functional material for marinating meat products. In addition, the results of this study reveal potential use of bamboo salt in meat curing.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2007

The heat transfer characteristics of inorganic salt for high temperature heat storage material of solar power system were examined. The inorganic salts employed in this study was a mixture of $NaNO_3$ and $KNO_3$ and the operating temperature range was determined by measuring the melting temperature with DSC and by measuring the thermal decomposition temperature with TGA. The heat transfer characteristics was qualitatively obtained in terms of temperature profiles of salt in the tanks during the heat storage and heat release process as a function of steam flow rates, steam inlet temperature and the inlet position of steam. The effects of steam flow rates and inlet temperature of steam were experimentally determined and the effect of natural convection was observed due to significant density difference with temperature.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.55.1-55.1
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• 2011

Dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC) have been considered one of the promising alternatives to conventional solar cells, because of their low cost, easy fabrication and relatively high energy conversion efficiency. However, although the cell offers reasonable efficiency at least 11%, the use of a liquid electrolyte placed technological challenges for achieving the desired durability and operational stability of the cell. In order to prevent or reduce electrolyte leakage considerable efforts have been made, such as p-type semiconductor or organic hole-transport material that better mechanical properties and simple fabrication processes. In this work, we synthesized solid-state electrolyte containing LiI and KI metal salt with starting materials of poly ethylene oxide to substitute liquid electrolyte enhance the ionic conductivity and solar conversion efficiency. Li+ leads to faster diffusion and higher efficiency and K+ leading to higher ionic conductivity. The efficiency of poly ethylene oxide/LiI system electrolyte is 1.47% and poly ethylene oxide/potassium electrolyte is 1.21%. An efficiency of 3.24% is achieved using solid-state electrolyte containing LiI and KI concentrations. The increased solar conversion efficiency is attributed to decreased crystallinity in the polymer that leads to enhanced charge transfer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1533-1541
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• 2016

Samples of doenjang (a fermented soybean paste) were prepared with different types of salts; purified salt (PS), 3-year-aged solar salt (SS3), 1-year-aged solar salt (SS1), and bamboo salt (BS, 3^rd processing product). For starter doenjang samples, selected starters comprising two bacilli, one yeast, and one fungus were inoculated, whereas for non-starter doenjang samples, microorganisms present in rice straw were inoculated after enrichment. The doenjang samples were fermented for 13 weeks at 25℃. During the fermentation period, SS and BS doenjang samples showed higher bacilli counts as well as much lower yeast counts than PS doenjang. At 13 weeks, yeast counts of starter doenjang samples were 7.75, 5.69, 6.08, and 4.74 log CFU/g for PS, SS3, SS1, and BS doenjang, respectively. For non-starter doenjang samples, counts were 7.17, 5.05, 5.92, and 4.54 log CFU/g for PS, SS3, SS1, and BS doenjang, respectively. SS and BS promoted growth of bacilli but inhibited growth of yeasts compared with PS. Debaryomyces hansenii was the dominant yeast in PS doenjang, whereas Candida guilliermondii and Pichia sorbitophila were dominant in SS and BS doenjang. In the sensory evaluation, SS and BS doenjang scored better than PS doenjang. In conclusion, SS and BS seem better than PS for production of high-quality doenjang.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.527-537
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• 2019

Three types of meongge (Halocynthia roretzi) jeotgal (MJ) were prepared with 3 different types of salts (12%, w/v): purified salt (PS), solar salt aged for 3 years (SS), and bamboo salt that had been recrystalized 3 times (BS). One set of MJ was fermented with starters, Bacillus subtilis JS2 and Tetragenococcus halophilus BS1-37 (each 6 log CFU/g), and another set without starters for 42 days at $10^{\circ}C$. The LAB count of the SSMJ (non-starter) was highest at day 28 (2.30 log CFU/g). The pH of the PSMJ and SSMJ was 5.72-5.77 at day 0, and 5.40-5.50 at day 42. BSMJ showed higher pH and lower titratable acidities than other samples. Amino-type nitrogen (ANN) increased continuously, and SSMJ showed higher values than other samples from day 14. Bacterial species of non-starter MJ were examined by culture independent method. Clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes were constructed in Escherichia coli from total DNA from non-starter MJ samples at day 0, 14, and 28. Thirty clones per each sample were randomly selected and DNA sequences were analyzed. Variovorax sp., uncultured bacterium, and Acidovorax sp. were the most dominant group at day 0, 14, and 28, respectively. Lactobacillus sakei and Streptococcus sp. were the next dominant group in SSMJ at day 28. A Streptococcus sp. was detected from PSMJ at day 28. Sensory evaluation for MJ samples at day 28 showed that SSMJ got higher overall acceptability scores. These results showed that solar salt can cause desirable changes in the microbial community of fermented foods, thereby positively affecting their overall quality.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.2119-2124
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• 2008

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.629-634
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2011

A photovoltaic powered ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis system was tested with a number of natural groundwaters in Australia. The objective of this study was to compare system performance at six remote field locations by assessing the impact of water composition and fluctuating energy on inorganic contaminant removal using a BW30-4040 membrane. Solar irradiance directly affected pressure and flow. Groundwater characteristics (including TDS, salts, heavy metals, and pH), impacted other performance parameters such as retention, specific energy consumption and flux. During continual system operation, retention of ions such as $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ was high (> 95%) with each groundwater which can be attributed to steric exclusion. The retention of smaller ions such as $NO_3{^-}$ was affected by weather conditions and groundwater composition, as convection/diffusion dominate retention. When solar irradiance was insufficient or fluctuations too great for system operation, performance deteriorated and retention dropped significantly (< 30% at Ti Tree). Groundwater pH affected flux and retention of smaller ions ($NO_3{^-}$ and $F^-$) because charge repulsion increases with pH. The results highlight variations in system performance (ion retention, flux, specific energy consumption) with real solar irradiance, groundwater composition, and pH conditions.