• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

A nanofluid is a fluid containing suspended solid particles, with sizes on the order of nanometers. Normally, nanofluids have higher thermal conductivitiest han their base fluids. Therefore, we measured the thermal conductivity and viscosity of oxidized carbon nanofluids based the mixture of distilled water and ethanol (ethanol concentration is 0.2) oxidized carbon nanofluids were made by ultrasonic dispersing oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the mixture of distilled water and ethanol at the rates of 0.001~ 0.1 vol%. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of oxidized carbon nanofluids were measured by using transient hot-wire method and rotational digital viscometer, respectively. And all of experiments were carried out at the same temperature conditions($10^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$). As a result, when volume fraction of nanofluids is 0.1 vol%, thermal conductivity was improved 13.6% ($10^{\circ}C$), 15.1% ($25^{\circ}C$), and 17.0% ($70^{\circ}C$), and its viscosity was increased by 36.0% ($10^{\circ}C$), 32.9% ($25^{\circ}C$) and 19.5% ($70^{\circ}C$) than the base fluids.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.617-622
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• 2018

시설원예 하우스 내부의 공기 밀폐나 유동상태에 직접적인 영향을 주는 송풍기, 측창 개폐기의 동시제어는 $CO_2$ 농도 관리에 필수적이다. 현재 농업인구 감소에 따른 개인당 경작면적 증가로 자동화 시스템과 통합제어의 요구가 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 $CO_2$발생기의 연료 및 연소공기 혼합비(공연비), 내 외부 환경에 따른 $CO_2$ 공급량의 제어와 $CO_2$ 공급에 있어 중요한 변수인 측정 개폐기와 같은 기존 설치기기를 동시에 제어할 수 있는 통합 제어시스템을 제안한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-62
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• 2011

Temporal trends and spatial distributions of ozone concentrations in Pohang were investigated using data measured at 4 air quality monitoring stations (i.e., Daedo, Jukdo, Jangheung, and Desong) during 2002-2006. The monthly mean ozone concentrations were highest during April and June and decreased during July and August, which follows the typical trend in the Northeast Asia region. The high springtime ozone concentration might have been strongly influenced by the enhanced photochemical ozone production of accumulated precursors during the winter under increased solar radiations. In July and August, ozone levels were decreased by frequent and severe precipitation that caused lower mean monthly solar radiation and efficient wash-out of ozone precursors. This suggests that precipitation is extremely beneficial in the aspect of ozone pollution control. High ozone concentrations exceeding 80ppb dominantly occurred in May and June during the late afternoon between 16:00~17:00. Ozone concentrations were higher in Jangheung and Daesong relative to Daedo and Jukdo, whereas total oxidants $(O_3+NO_2)$ were higher in Jangheung and Daedo. In the suburban area of Daesong, ozone concentrations seem to be considerably higher than those in urban sites of Daedo and Jukdo due to lower ozone loss by NO titration with lower local NO level.

• 태양에너지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1982

This paper presents the experimental investigations of a system as a second treatment means to increase boiler efficiency and heat transfer from combustion gas to heating surfaces in the case of spray combustion. In order to reburn residual combustible components accelerate the burning rate of sprayed fuel droplets, improve the diffusion flame and delay the residence time of the flame, advice with slit type nozzles for spouting preheated supplementary air is used in this study. In the experiment, boiler efficiency and smoke concentration in the exhaust gas at given conditions are measured in both case of installing and not-installing device in the model of combustion chamber which was designed to be equipped with five surfaces. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows ; 1. The optimum values of air rate ${\lambda}$ are about 1.3 in both case. 2. The exhaust gas temperature in the case with device increases about $30{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ above that of the case without the device. 3. Boiler efficiency and reduction effect of smoke emissions are improved considerably.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2017

A polymeric ionic liquid, poly(1-methyl 3-(2-acryloyloxypropyl) imidazolium iodide) (PMAPII), was synthesized as a single-iodide-ion-conducting polymer and employed in a gel polymer electrolyte. Gel polymer electrolytes prepared from iodine, 4-tert-butylpyridine, ${\gamma}$-butyrolactone, and PMAPII were applied in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The addition of 16 wt.% PMAPII provided the most favorable environment, striking a compromise between the iodide ion concentration and the ionic mobility, which resulted in the highest conversion efficiency of the resulting DSSCs. The quasi-solid-state DSSC assembled with the optimized gel polymer electrolyte exhibited a relatively high conversion efficiency of 7.67% under AM 1.5 illumination at $100mA\;cm^{-2}$ and better stability than that of the DSSC with a liquid electrolyte.

• 태양에너지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.51-57
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• 1997

열벽 증착(hot-wall evaporation)방법으로 Cu를 첨가한 ZnTe박막을 성장하였다. doping을 하지 않은 ZnTe박막의 전기 전도형은 p-형으로 전기 전도도는 $10^{-6}({\Omega}{\cdot}cm)^{-1}$을 정도로 매우 낮았다. 첨가한 Cu의 양에 따라 전기 전도도는 $10^2({\Omega}{\cdot}cm)^{-1}$까지 증가하였으나 이동도는 크게 변하재 않았다. Cu를 매우 많이 첨가한 경우는 금속과 같은 전기 전도도를 관찰하였다.

• 태양에너지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 1997

본 연구는 에너지 밀도와 승온효과가 큰 화학 열펌프시스템 개발을 위해 무기 수화물계인$Ca(OH)_2/CaO$ 원주형 충전층내 핀을 주입 전열 촉진한 경우에 있어서 반응촉진 효과의 이론적 평가를 행하였다. 그 결과 충전층내 수화 탈수 반응시 반응층내 시간에 따른 온도 분포변화 및 반응율 분포에 대한 수치 해석 결과 전열핀 주입에 따른 반응완결 시간이 절반이하로 줄일 수 있다고 한 실험결과와 잘 일치됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 해석결과 열화학 반응은 주로 온도 및 농도에 의존하였고 경계조건과 입자 충전층의 열전도에 의해 크게 좌우됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

Antimony doped tin oxide ($SnO_2:Sb$) films, which are used as the front contact and back reflector of thin film solar cells, have been deposited by d,c, magnetron sputtering. The dependence of electrical and optical properties of the films on the preparation conditions, such as $O_2$ gas ratio, substrate temperature, annealing temperature was investigated. The sputter gas composition was found to affect the properties of the films. With incorporating $O_2$ gas, the electrical and optical properties of films significantly were improved. The minimum resistivity and optical transmittance over 80 % in visible region were obtained at the oxygen concentration of 30 %, When the substrate temperature was higher, the resistivity of $SnO_2:Sb$ films was decreased, while the absorption edge shifted to shorter wavelength, indicating higher optical band gap. Heat treatment over $600^{\circ}C$ resulted in poorer electrical and optical properties due to SnO phase (102) plane.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.309-309
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• 2010

We have investigated the effect of $H_2$ plasma treatment on the BZO (ZnO:B, Boron doped ZnO) thin films. The BZO thin films are prepared by LP-MOCVD (Low Pressure Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) technique and the samples of BZO thin film are performed with $H_2$ plasma treatment by plasma treatment system with 13.56 MHz as RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) type. After exposing $H_2$ plasma treatment, measurement of transmittance, reflectance and haze spectra in 300~1100 nm, electrical properties as resistivity, mobility and carrier concentration and work function was analysed. Regarding the results of the $H_2$ plasma treatment on the BZO thin films are application to the TCO for solar cells, such as the a-Si thin films solar cell.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.185-189
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• 2011

$Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ thin films for solar absorber application were prepared by pulsed laser deposition of a synthesized $Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ compound target. The film's composition revealed that the deposited films possess an identical composition with the target material. Further film compositional control toward a stoichiometric composition was performed by optimizing substrate temperature, deposition time and target rotational speed. At the optimum condition, X-ray diffraction patterns of films showed that the films demonstrated polycrystalline stannite single phase with a high degree of (112) preferred orientation. The absorption coefficient of $Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ thin films were above 104 cm.1 with a band gap of 1.45 eV. At an optimum condition, films were identified as a p type semiconductor characteristic with a resistivity as low as $10^{-1}{\Omega}cm$ and a carrier concentration in the order of $10^{17}cm^{-3}$.