• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2013

Several soil properties were studied from three young created mitigation wetlands (<10 years old), which were hydrologically comparable in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The properties included soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, gravimetric soil moisture, and bulk density ($D_b$). No significant differences were found in the soil properties between the wetlands, except SOM and SOC. SOM and SOC indicated a slight increase with wetland age; the increase was more evident with SOC. Only about a half of SOC variability found in the wetlands was explained by SOM ($R^2$ = 0.499, p < 0.05). The majority of the ratios of SOM to SOC for these silt-loam soils ranged from 2.0 to 3.5, which was higher than the 1.724 Van Bemmelen factor, commonly applied for the conversion of SOM into SOC in estimating the carbon storage or accumulation capacity of wetlands. The results may caution the use of the conversion factor, which may lead to an overestimation of carbon sequestration potentials of newly created wetlands. SOC, but not SOM, was also correlated to $D_b$, which indicates soil compaction typical of most created wetlands that might limit vegetation growth and biomass production, eventually affecting carbon accumulation in the created wetlands.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2022

Background: The Arctic permafrost stores enormous amount of carbon (C), about one third of global C stocks. However, drastically increasing temperature in the Arctic makes the stable frozen C stock vulnerable to microbial decomposition. The released carbon dioxide from permafrost can cause accelerating C feedback to the atmosphere. Soil organic matter (SOM) composition would be the basic information to project the trajectory of C under rapidly changing climate. However, not many studies on SOM characterization have been done compared to quantification of SOM stocks. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine soil properties and molecular compositions of SOM in four different Arctic regions. We collected soils in different soil layers from 1) Cambridge Bay, Canada, 2) Council, Alaska, USA, 3) Svalbard, Norway, and 4) Zackenberg, Greenland. The basic soil properties were measured, and the molecular composition of SOM was analyzed through pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Results: The Oi layer of soil in Council, Alaska showed the lowest soil pH and the highest electrical conductivity (EC) and SOM content. All soils in each site showed increasing pH and decreasing SOC and EC values with soil depth. Since the Council site was moist acidic tundra compared to other three dry tundra sites, soil properties were distinct from the others: high SOM and EC, and low pH. Through the py-GC/MS analysis, a total of 117 pyrolysis products were detected from 32 soil samples of four different Arctic soils. The first two-axis of the PCA explained 38% of sample variation. While short- and mid-hydrocarbons were associated with mineral layers, lignins and polysaccharides were linked to organic layers of Alaska and Cambridge Bay soil. Conclusions: We conclude that the py-GC/MS results separated soil samples mainly based on the origin of SOM (plants- or microbially-derived). This molecular characteristics of SOM can play a role of controlling SOM degradation to warming. Thus, it should be further investigated how the SOM molecular characteristics have impacts on SOM dynamics through additional laboratory incubation studies and microbial decomposition measurements in the field.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.533-550
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• 2002

Soil organic matter (SOM) content and other physical soil properties were extracted from a digital soil database, the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, to map the amount of SOM and determine its relationship with topographic positions in floodplain areas along a river basin in Douglas County, Kansas. In the floodplains, results showed that slope and SOM content had a significant negative relationship. Soils near river channels were deep and nearly level, and they had the greatest SOM content in the floodplain areas. For the whole county, SOM content was influenced primarily by soil depth and percent SOM by weight. Among different slope areas, soils on mid-range slopes (10-15%) and ridgetops had the highest SOM content because they had relatively high percent SOM content by weight and very deep soils, respectively. SOM content was also significantly variable among different land cover types. Forest/woodland had significantly higher SOM content than others, followed by cropland, grassland, and urban areas.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2008

Organic forms of arsenic (As) were determined through fractionation procedure of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil, sediments and mine tailing samples from the Myungbong, Dongil, and Okdong mining areas of southern Korea. An alkaline extraction method was applied to soil samples followed by the fractionation procedures of SOM by the DAX-8 and XAD-4 resin adsorption method. Major fraction of organic As species (42% to 98%) was found in acid-soluble fraction, whereas minor fraction (0.1 % to 67.8%) was present in the humic-associated As. In acid-soluble fractions, the transphillic- and hydrophilic-associated As were dominant in addition to As binding with humic and fulvic SOM. Arsenic binding was the strongest between pH 6 to 8 and reduced to about 70% at both low and high pH regions. The amount of both transphillic and hydrophillic associated As was less changed than humic and fulvic-associated As, in both low and high pH regions. This apparently indicates that As has stronger affinity towards hydrophillic rather than hydrophobic organics. From the experimental observation of As-binding SOM in natural soil, the ligand exchange model may be a feasible explanation of transphillic and hydrophillic affinity of As.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.140-143
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• 2001

The packed column experiments were conducted with commercial Jumunjin sand(SOM content : 0.01 %) and a field soil(SOM content : 0.08 %) in order to understand the effects of water content and soil organic matter(SOM) on the transport of gaseous ozone in unsaturated soil contaminated with phenanthrene. Water content and SOM content were artificially controlled. As water content increased, earlier breakthrough was observed in the beginning of BTC of ozone, because direct contact of gaseous ozone with SOM and phenanthrene was prevented by water film formed between soil particles and gaseous ozone. The total removal of phenanthrene in Jumunjin sand was not affected by water content which was more than 99% at different water content(4.4, 8, 17.3%). However, the removal in field soil at water content 6.5 % and 20 % was 98% and 80 %.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2019

우리나라 노지 밭토양의 질소 비료 추천은 토양 유기물 범위에 따라 차등하여 추천한다. 토양 유기물 함량에 따른 질소 공급 가능량을 확인하기 위하여 노지 고추 재배 밭토양에서 작물 재배 전 토양을 채취하여 70일간 누적 질소 무기화량을 구하였다. 토양 유기물 함량(SOM)과 무기화 될 수 있는 토양 질소(SNM)의 관계식은 '$MSN(kg\;10a^{-1})=0.2933{\ast}SOM(g\;kg^{-1})+0.0897$ ($r^2=0.6224$, P<0.001)'이었다. 토양 유기물 범위별 평균 질소 무기화량은 각각 10.5, 26.6, 83.3, 105.6 mg kg-1으로 토양 유기물 함량이 많을수록 질소 무기화량도 많았으나, 같은 토양 유기물 범위에 속하는 토양이어도 질소 무기화량은 약 3~4.6배 차이가 있었다. 따라서 밭토양 질소 관리를 위해서는 토양 특성에 따른 질소 공급량 예측을 통해 질소 비료를 추천하는 것이 중요하다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

토양 유기물 관리는 골프장 그린 관리 중 핵심적인 요소이다. 골프장 그린의 유기물에 대한 지속적인 관리를 연구하는 중요한 프로젝트의 일환으로서, 우리는 동일한 근권부 조성과 관리 하에서 유지되고 있는 서로 다른 조성 시기의 그린들에서 토양 유기물의 상태를 비교하였다. 그리고 그 토양 미생물 활성, 잔디 분얼경수, 용적밀도, 수분함량, pH, EC, 그리고 총질소를 측정하였다. 토심 0${\sim}$5cm에서 토양 유기물 집적은 그린들 간에 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 토심 5cm 이하에서 SOM은 그린들 간에 강한 유의차를 보였고, 경과 연수와 정(+)의 상관을 가졌고 토심과 음(-)의 상관을 가졌다. 토심 5${\sim}$25cm 단층부에서는 시간 경과와 토섬에 따른 SOM의 집적을 예측하기 위해서 회귀 분석한 결과에서 그린의 경과 연수가 증가함에 따라서 유기물 함량이 0.061% year$^{-1}$로 증가하고， 토심이 깊어질수록 유기물 함량이 0.079% cm$^{-1}$로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 경과 연도와 토심에 따른 토양 미생물 활성이 탈수소효소 검정을 이용하여 측정되었다. 결과는 모든 그린들에서 토심에 따라서 급격한 감소를 보였다. 토심 5cm 이하에서 토양 미생물 활성은 그린툴 간에 유의차가 없음을 보였다. 집적된 토심 5cm 이하의 SOM은 장기적으로 분해에 대하여 강한 저항성을 가지는 것으로 보인다. 그린 조성 후 5년부터 용적밀도는 유의성 있는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 수분함량, Ee, 그리고 총질소는 SOM과 유의성 있는 상관을 가지고 있었다. pH는 시간이 경과하며 낮아졌는데, 이것은 SOM 집적에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 유기물 집적은 pH 저하, 미생물 활성 감소 토양 유기물의 분해 저항성 증가 등에 주요하게 영향을 받았지만, 수분 함량, EC, 총질소에 의한 영향은 분명하지 않았다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.45-48
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• 2001

The packed column experiments were conducted with a field soil, collected directly from the aquifer located at Bonchon industrial complex in K-city in order to characterize SOM reaction with ozone and to delineate the transformation of water soluble SOM after ozonation. As reaction time increased, water soluble organic matter increased, and this organic matter was in the range of 500∼1000 dalton. pH of extractants decreased with the increase of ozonation time. This Is because aromtic compounds in SOM were oxidized and carboxylic acid groups were formed. From the FT-IR spectra, the content of carboxylate increased as ozone injection time increased and hydroxyl group, which represents phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups decreased. This is because oxidative ring fission formed carboxyl acid groups. This result provides a good agreement with pH decrease.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1263-1263
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• 2001

The amounts of organic matter present in soil and the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover are influenced by agricultural management practice, such as rotation, tillage, forage plow down direct seeding and manure application. The amount of nutrients released from SOM is highly dependent upon the state of the organic matter. If it contains a large proportion of light fractions (low-density) more nutrients will be available to the glowing crops. However, if it contains mostly heavy fractions (high-density) that are difficult to breakdown, then lesser amounts of nutrients will be available. The state of the SOM and subsequent release of nutrients into the soil can be predicted by NIRS as long as a robust regression equation is developed. The NIRS method is known for its rapidity, convenience, simplicity, accuracy and ability to analyze many constituents at the same time. Our hypothesis is that the NIRS technique allows researchers to investigate fully and in more detail each field for the status of SOM, available moisture and other soil properties in Alberta soils for precision farming in the near future. One hundred thirty one (131) Alberta soils with various levels (low 2-6%, medium 6-10%, and high >10%) of organic matter content and most of dry land soils, including some irrigated soils from Southern Alberta, under various management practices were collected throughout Northern, Central and Southern Alberta. Two depths (0- 15 cm and 15-30 cm) of soils from Northern Alberta were also collected. These air-dried soil samples were ground through 2 mm sieve and scanned using Foss NIR System 6500 with transport module and natural product cell. With particle size above 150 microns only, the “Ludox” method (Meijboom, Hassink and van Noorwijk, Soil Biol. Biochem.27: 1109-1111, 1995) which uses stable silica, was used to fractionate SOM into light, medium and heavy fractions with densities of <1.13, 1.13-1.37 and >1.37 respectively, The SOM fraction with the particle size below 150 microns was discarded because practically, this fraction with very fine particles can't be further separated by wet sieving based on density. Total organic matter content, mechanical texture, ash after 375$^{\circ}C$, and dry matter (DM) were also determined by “standard” soil analysis methods. The NIRS regression equations were developed using Infra-Soft-International (ISI) software, version 3.11.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.334-337
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil properties, such as soil organic matter(SOM) content and water content on die-off and regrowth of indigenous microbes due to in-situ ozonation. Four different soils were collected and the soil samples applied to different ozonation time(0-360 min) were incubated during 4 weeks. Population of the indigenous microbes was monitored during incubation period. The number of indigenous microbes in all samples dramatically decreased (more than 90%) within 30 minutes of ozone injection. With increased ozonation time by 360 minutes, the number of the indigenous microbes decreased by 99.99% in all samples. Die-off of the indigenous microbes due to ozone treatment was inversely proportional to SOM and water content. Especially, sample 3 and Sample 4 containing relatively high SOM content and water content showed high regrowth rate, and this resulted from the increase of water soluble and biodegradable organic fraction in soil water after ozone treatment. Soil sample ozonated for 360 minutes showed minor increase in microbial population during 4 weeks of incubation period.