• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.38-43
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• 2014

In this study, we evaluated the methylene blue (MB) adsorption potential of non-treated and UV-C pretreated bacterial biomass from aqueous solution. The UV-C pretreatment denature the biomass and has increased overall functional groups when compared to non-treated biomass. The biosorbent was exposed to various pH, biomass dose, and contact time. The results showed that the dried and UV-C pretreated biomass effectively removed MB within 30 min. Dried and UV-C pretreated biomass of Bacillus pseudomycoides JH 2-2 showed a adsorption of 858.2 and 1072.4 mg/g at optimum conditions (pH: 9.0, contact time: 30 min, biomass dose: 1 g/L). Similarly, dried and UV-C pretreated biomass of Citrobacter freundii JH 11-2 showed an adsorption 868.3 and 954 mg/g at optimum conditions (pH: 9.0, contact time: 10 min, biomass dose: 1.5 g/L). The changes in the functional groups of UV-C pretreated biomass could be responsible for enhanced adsorption of MB. The results obtained have shown that non-treated and UV-C pretreated biomass has a high adsorption capacity for MB dye and can be used as a low-cost biosorbent in wastewater treatments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2014

Glomalin has been suggested as an enhancer for soil stability by promoting the aggregation. In this study, we examined the concentrations of glomalin and microbial characteristics in 25 controlled horticultural soils sampled from Gyeongnam Province. Total glomalin had a significant positive correlation with soil organic matter (p < 0.01), soil microbial biomass carbon (p < 0.05), and dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05) in controlled horticultural soils. In addition, the total glomalin had a significant positive correlation with concentrations of total fatty acid methyl esters, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in controlled horticultural soils (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the concentration of total glomalin could be an indicator of microbial biomass richness for sustainable agriculture in controlled horticultural soils.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 1995

Nodulation phenology in relation to plant phenology, vertical distribution of nodul and root biomass in different soil, correlation between nodule and root size, and nitrogen mineralization around the rhizosphere by ion-exchange resin bag buried at 10 cm of soil were studied in Elaeagnus nmbellata (autumn-olive) stand, Korea. Nodulation appeared from spring to autumn and nodule phenology was coincided with the timing of root activity rather than that of foliation. Nodul size increased in proportion to the root size. In the sand dune with the lower root biomass, nodule appeared up to 80 cm deep in soil and the nodule biomass was 1,070 kg/ha, which was the highest value reported for several actinorhizal plants in the temperate regions. It is suggested that nodule distribution and production are mainly influenced by soil aeration among environmental factors. The higher ammonification or lower nitrification rate contrasted markedly with the earlier studies that reported lower ammonification or higher nitrification in actinorhizal plant soil. Nitrogen mineralization rate around the rhizosphere with root and nodule was characterized by higher nitrification rate than that in the control soil without root and nodule.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.558-564
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• 2010

Cleaning up the landfill soil by phytoremediation in association with biomass production and utilization of biosolid as a soil amendment will be an attractive green technology. In order to examine this integrated green technology, in the current study of pot trial, heavy metal removal rate and biomass production were determined following cultivation of three different plant species in the landfill soil incorporated with biosolid at two different levels (25 ton $ha^{-1}$ and 50 ton $ha^{-1}$). Among the three plant species including Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), giant sunflower (Helianthus giganteus. L), and giant cane (Arundo donax. L), sunflower appeared to produce the largest biomass yield (19.2 ton $ha^{-1}$) and the produced amounts were magnificently increased with biosolid treatment compared to the control (no biosoild treatment). The increased production associated with biosolid treatment was common for other plant species and this was attributed to the biosolid originated nutrients as well as the improved soil physical properties due to the organic matter from biosolid. The elevated heavy metals in soil which was originated from the incorporated biosolid were Cu and Zn. Based on the phytoavailable amount of heavy metals from biosolid, the removed amount by plant shoots were 95% and 165% for Cu and Zn, respectively, when sunflower was grown. This indicated that mitigation of heavy metal accumulation in soils achieved by the removal of metal through sunflower cultivation enables the successive treatment of biosolid to soils. Moreover, sunflower showed heavy metal stabilization ability in the rhizosphere resulting in alleviation of metal release to ground water.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.343-350
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to estimate the potential biomass yield by using the biomass conversion index and evaluate the potential energy production by using the energy conversion index of biomass. Estimating the total biomass yield in Korea showed 9,646.3 thousand tons produced in 2012. Subsequent evaluation of the potential energy production using the estimated biomass yield in 2012 indicated that the calorific values were varied from 3,800 to 4,500 kcal $kg^{-1}$ for crop- and from 4,100 to 4,300 kcal $kg^{-1}$ for woody-based biomass, respectively. Among the examined biomass materials, the pruned branch of a nut tree appeared to be the greatest in bio-energy production showing 6,300 kcal $kg^{-1}$ in calorific value. Total potential energy production from agricultural by-products was estimated approximately at 3,966,000 TOE. Among the agricultural by-products examined, rice straw showed the greatest energy production potential being at 2,321,000 TOE. Furthermore, it might contribute to establishing the countermeasures of biomass utility in agricultural sector based on regional distribution chart of the potential biomass and energy yields in Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.281-285
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• 2007

We conducted research to determine the effects of forest tending works (FTW) on forest carbon (C) storage in Korean red pine forests by estimating changes in the quantity and distribution of stored organic C in an approximately 40-year-old red pine stand after FTW. We measured organic C storage (above- and belowground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth) in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do before and after the forest was thinned from a density of 908 trees/ha to 367 trees/ha. The total C stored in tree biomass was 69.5 Mg C/ha before FTW and 38.6 Mg C/ha after FTW. The change in total C storage in tree biomass primarily resulted from the loss of 19.9 Mg C/ha stored in stem biomass after FTW. The total C pool in this red pine stand was 276 Mg C/ha before FTW and 245.1 Mg C/ha after FTW. Prior to FTW, 71.5% of the total C pool was stored in mineral soil, 25.2% in tree biomass, and 3.3% in the forest floor, where as after FTW 80.5% of the total C pool was stored in mineral soil, 15.7% in tree biomass and 3.7% in the forest floor. These results suggest that the development of site-specific tending techniques may be required to minimize the loss of tree biomass C storage capacity in red pine stands from FTW.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate overwintering of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), biomass, and inorganic N concentration in soil to verify the adaptability of eight cultivars of hairy vetch into country. Winter survival rate was higher for the hairy vetch cultivars, such as Hungvillosa or Ostsaat, than those of Minnie, Oregon common, and TTF1, which affected amount of biomass of each hairy vetch, with higher biomass observed in Hungvillosa or Ostsaat cultivar. There were no significant difference for the mineral nutrients of each hairy vetch cultivar. Inorganic N concentration in soil was increased at 10 days after mowing by application of Hungvillosa and Ostsaat cultivars that had highly produced N content from the raw materials.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2014

Recently interest on production of biogas from biomass resources has increased because of climate change in worldwide. In this study, anaerobic digestion efficiency of 17 different types of agricultural waste was evaluated using biochemical methane production potential estimated from the International biochemical methane potential standard method (Germany VDI4630). As a result, theoretical biochemical methane potential ($B_{th}$) of agricultural waste biomass ranged from 0.266 to $0.488Nm^3kg^{-1}$-Volatile Solid $(VS)_{added}$. Ultimate biochemical methane potential ($B_u$) of agricultural waste biomass ranged between 0.176 and $0.417Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$. The agricultural waste biomass anaerobic biodegradability with $B_u/B_{th}$ and VDI4630 determined by VS contents was 36.0~95.9% and 30.8~91.1%, respectively. Ultimate methane potential and anaerobic biodegradability given by the VS term showed more reasonable results.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1027-1031
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to select winter-adaptable crop system or cropping systems for an enhanced carbon (C) fixation amount in plant biomass and soil. Single or mixed cropping systems of green manure crops, rye (R), triticale (TC), hairy vetch (HV), TC+HV, and control (fallow) were investigated during winter and spring. The amount and content of C and N in the above-ground biomass and soil C content by soil depth were measured under different green manure crops. The above-ground biomass was highest in TC+HV followed by R and TC with 664, 585, and 545 kg $10a^{-1}$, which exceeded the biomass of control by 181, 160, and 149%, respectively. The amount of C accumulation was higher in soil surface than deep soil. which was a similar pattern to the above-ground biomass. Therefore, green manure cropping in winter and spring seasons will be very helpful of improve soil organic matter.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2003

We examined the effects of fertilization [control (C), 200 kg N ha^{-1} + 25 kg P ha^{-1}$ (LNP), and 400 kg N $ha^{-1} + 50 kg P ha^{-1}$ (HNP)] on fine root (＜ 2 mm diameter) dynamics using monthly soil coring method in a 39-year-old Pinus rigida plantation of central Korea. The average fine root biomass (live + dead) (kg $ha^{-1}$ $\pm$ SE) during the first growing season for C, LNP, and HNP was 1301 $\pm$ 54, 1084 $\pm$ 47, and 1328 $\pm$ 22, respectively. The fine root production (kg $ha^{-1}$ $\pm$ SE) was 2394 $\pm$ 128 for C, 2048 $\pm$ 101 for LNP, and 2768 $\pm$ 150 for HNP, respectively. Over the same period, fertilization treatments had impact on N and P concentrations of live fine root. Nitrogen and P inputs (kg $ha^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$) into the soil through fine root turnover for C, LNP, and HNP were 16.6 and 0.9, 17.2 and 0.9, and 24.1 and 1.6, respectively. There were no significant differences in fine root biomass and production during the first growing season after fertilization. However, fertilization increased fine root N and P concentrations, and in consequence resulted in increased N and P inputs into soil through fine root turnover.