• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2001

The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ambient hexavalent chromium concentration and the concentration of the chromium in whole blood, plasma, erythrocytes, and its urinary excretion of male rats after inhalation exposure of sodium chromate during 1, 2, and 3 weeks. 1. Differences of mean chromium concentration in urine, whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma of male rats exposed to sodium chromate by exposure level were statistically significance, respectively. 2. At low and high exposure groups, differences of mean chromium concentration in urine, whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma of male rats by duration of inhalation exposure were statistically significance, respectively. 3. Ratio of whole blood chromium to plasma chromium increased with the increased duration of inhalation exposure of sodium chromate. 4. Ambient hexavalent chromium was positively and strongly correlated with in erythrocyte chromium, and also erythrocyte chromium was strongly correlated with in whole blood chromium. In conclusion, this study showed that chromium in erythrocyte increased with the increased exposure level and exposure duration, therefore this study suggests that chromium in erythrocytes is a good biological exposure index of the internal dose from exposure to soluble hexavalent chromium compound.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.406-412
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze average kimchi intake, general characteristics, frequency of daily meal intake, intakes of vegetables and fruits, and nutrient intakes in four serving size groups based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. The results showed an average amount of kimchi intake in subjects of 115.6 g, ranging from 0 g to 605.94 g. For daily meal intake except snacking according to kimchi serving size, all daily meal intakes increased significantly with increasing kimchi serving size (p<0.0001), and tendency of kimchi intake increased with more eating-out. As kimchi serving size increased, total intakes of vegetables and salted vegetables increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, unsalted vegetables intake did not show significant difference. Intake of fruits also increased with increasing kimchi serving size. As the serving size of kimchi increased, intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium, and potassium increased significantly (p<0.0001). For intake of sodium, intakes of all groups exceeded 2,000 mg, which is the recommended level for Koreans. Moreover, the fourth serving size group consumed three times (6,546.35 mg) more sodium than the recommended level.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1977

In the previous study of the release, excretion, and plasma concentration of aldosterone in normal Koreans, the author found that urinary aldosterone excretion and aldosterone secretion rate of the Korean who usually take high amount of salt are significantly lower, in compared to Americans, although the plasma concentration is only tended to be low. The control of plasma aldosterone level depends on the secretion rate and the metabolic clearance of the hormone. In this experiments, the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone was determined in normotensive korean and the effects of adrenal stimulations on the rates were also studied in the same subjects. The metabolic clearance rate of the normal Korean was not significantly different from those of the American, and shown a little increase in response to sodium restriction. These results indicate that the decrease in secretion rate rather than the increase in metabolic clearance Tate is the major factor maintaining lower plasma aldosterone level. After furosemide diuresis, on the contrary, the removal of aldosterone showed significant the decrease despite slight increase of secretion rate. This suggest that the reduction in metabolic clearance rate of the hormone during volume depletion found to be major cause of high plasma concentration. Additional potassium supply produced detectable decrease of metabolic clearance rate, but the changes were smaller than that of secretion rate, which suggested that the higher secretion rate could account for elevated plasma concentration of aldosterone rather than metabolic clearance. Above results also support author's previous evidences that the normal Korean who already adapted to a high sodium diet have ability to produce adequate aldosterone activity without producing detectable changes on the metabolic clearance rate under the condition of sodium restriction with approp riate potassium intake.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.316-322
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• 1996

The effects of Sodium Fluoride on squamous cell carcinoma cell line(SCC-cells) cultured in vitro have been studied with respect to cytotoxicity and induction of chromosome aberrations. Cytotoxicity of NaF on SCC-cells, as determined by a decrease in colony-forming ability, linearly increased with dose of NaF(150-300 ug/ml) or exposure time (3-24h). SCC-cells treated with 30-60ug/ml NaF for 24h were analyzed for chromosome aberrations. A significant increase in the frequency of chromosome aberration at the chromatid level was induced by NaF in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that NaF is a toxic substance which inhibit cell proliferation and causes DNA damage in SCC-cells cultured in Vitro.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.38
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• pp.44.1-44.4
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• 2016

Background: Hemangioma and vascular malformation are benign vascular lesions that often occur in cephalic and cervical region. Currently, surgical resection, laser therapy, angiographic embolization, use of steroids, and sclerotherapy are used as treatments. Case presentation: This study reports three cases of benign vascular lesions that are remarkably treated by sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) injection, of which occurred in oral cavity and around the mouth. Three percent of STS was diluted with 0.9 % of normal saline, and it was injected to the lesion site at least once. The result of treatment was evaluated based on clinical findings. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of hemangioma and vascular malformation occurred in oral cavity is not normally used because of esthetic issues and potential hemorrhage. On the other hand, sclerotherapy using STS is an effective therapy compare to surgical treatment. Despite the number of STS injection was different for each patient, all three patients had reached satisfactory level through the treatment with gradual diminution of lesions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.558-565
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• 2007

On the basis of the increasing interest for the selection of beverages, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of nutrients and health ${\cdot}$ functional elements in the beverages. Total 161 beverages that bear nutrition lable (NL) as nutrition table and health ${\cdot}$ functional elements information were collected and classified to 8 groups. The evaluated nutrients that are obligatory for NL in Korea were total calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, and sodium. Presented values showed that milk & yogurt and soy milk are the most wholesome beverages while the total caloric contents also were higher among 8 groups. Sodium contents in soy milk were higher than any other groups. The caloric contents of other beverage groups come mainly from carbohydrate presumably simple sugar. The caloric content of sports drinks is the lowest but the sodium content is variable among products showing the range of 0 - 100 mg/100 ml. Nonobligatory nutrients for NL frequently expressed are Ca, Fe, vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. Their content per serving size does not exceed the tolerable upper intake level, however, habitual multiple intakes of certain product require attention for the prevention of overintakes. Many health ${\cdot}$ functional elements as catechin, carnitine, polyphenol, and nucleic acids etc were listed in NL without presenting the content and their functions appear to be exaggerated compared to the known scientific evidence.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim was to study experimentally the effects of KABHANG-BANG(갑항방) on the hyperthyroidism of rats induced by sodium levothyroxine. Methods : Spargue-Dawley rats were separated into four groups. Except normal group, the other three groups were treated with sodium levothyroxine $32{\mu}g$/200g/days for 5 days by oral administration. Among the three groups, two except one(as control) were treated KHB extract 225mg/200g/days(sample A), 450mg/200g/days(sample B) for 3 days separately. T3-uptake, T3, T4, r-TSH, total cholesterol, total protein change in the Serum of rats were measured after medication of solid extract of KHB. Results : As a result of this study, in the serum T3 and T4 level were decreased in sample A and B compared to controls. The serum r-TSH, total cholesterol and total protein were increase in sample A and B compared to controls. In the serum T3-uptake content, Smple B showed significant decrease in comparison with control group, but Sample A did not show significant decrease. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is suggested that KHB is effective to cure hyperthyroidism.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2009

The removal efficiency of herbicide glyphosate in a drinking water treatment system was investigated. Four major processes of a drinking water treatment system were selected and experiments were performed separately including; treatments by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a sedimentation process by PAC (polyaluminum chloride), ozonation and a GAC (granular activated carbon) treatment. In the sodium hypochlorite experiment, about 50% of the glyphosate was removed by 2 mg/L of hypochlorite and more than 90% was eliminated when 5 mg/L of NaOCl was applied. Also, AMPA, the main metabolite of glyphosate, was treated with hypochlorite. More than 30% of the AMPA was removed by 2 mg/L of hypochlorite and 50% by 5 mg/L. In the PAC experiment, it was determined that more than 60% could be removed. Further experiments were performed and the results indicated that the removed amount was dependent upon the amount of soil and upon the properties of the soil especially that of clay minerals. Ozonation could oxidize glyphosate to its byproducts at about a level of 50%. In contrast, when 1 mg/L of glyphosate was treated with GAC, the amount removed was negligible. The results of this experiment were conclusive. We confirmed that drinking water, which has been contaminated with water polluted with glyphosate can be effectively purified by the application of the drinking water treatment processes currently used.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.239-243
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• 2010

The antimicrobial effects of a commercially available, buffered sodium citrate (BSC) were evaluated for the reduction of total aerobic bacteria count, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in a liquid medium and ground beef. BSC at 0, 1, 2 and 4.8% (wt/vol) or 0, 3, and 4.8% (wt/wt) was mixed into inoculated brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and ground beef (80% lean), respectively. BSC at concentrations of 1 and 2% did not inhibit growth of the pathogens tested in BHI broth. E. coli O157:H7 in BHI broth with 4.8% BSC was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 3～4 log CFU/mL compared with the control for up to 4 days. At 4.8%, BSC treatment of ground beef most significantly reduced (p<0.05) total aerobic count and E. coli O157:H7 by 2.1 and 2.0 log CFU/g, respectively. This study indicates that the legally allowable level of 1.3% (wt/wt) BSC is not effective for reducing the pathogens tested in ground beef stored at $7^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.102-113
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• 2019

In this study, the effect of sodium chloride (salt) concentration and phosphate on the quality properties of samgyetang was investigated. Increasing the salt concentration by 0.5% increased the moisture and ash content, salinity, water holding capacity (WHC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), whereas the protein content, pH, cooking losses, and shear forces were decreased. Addition of phosphate to the brine increased the pH and WHC, but decreased the TBARS, cooking losses, and shear forces. In a sensory evaluation, the scores for flavor and overall acceptability were the highest when the salt concentration of the brine was 2.0%. Overall, this study shows that the salt concentration and addition of phosphate to the brine of samgyetang substantially influences the overall quality of the chicken breast. Based on quality measurements and sensory scores, a 2.0% salt concentration with the addition of phosphate appear to be the most suitable conditions for the manufacturing of marinated samgyetang.