• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.909-918
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary nutrient intakes for markers of blood glucose and inflammation which is important to the progress of type 2 diabetes and the development of its complications. For this study, 76 adults with diabetes (42 males, 34 females) were recruited from a group of patients who had visited the department of endocrine medicine. Data on anthropometric characteristics, clinical indices such as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and dietary nutrient intakes were collected. Our results have shown that 66% of subjects were either overweight or obese. Serum analysis indicates that levels of C-peptide, glucose, HbA1c, CRP, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol were higher than normal range. Results from the dietary nutrient intake survey displayed that intakes of cholesterol and sodium were higher than Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. On the contrary, folate intake was lower than the guideline. Within the females, energy contribution from carbohydrate was higher than Korean Diabetes Association guideline. Statistical analysis has revealed a negative correlation between serum HbA1c level and dietary intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 PUFA, ${\beta}$-carotene and vitamin E after adjustments for age, BMI, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, exercise and ingestion of diabetes mellitus medication (p<0.05). Serum CRP level was inversely associated with dietary intakes of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin C and fiber (p<0.05). Our results suggest that dietary nutrient intakes may influence the levels of HbA1c and CRP, and subsequently, it may help in the management/treatment of type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.890-900
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• 2000

The aim of this investigation was to collect the baseline data about growth, dietary behaviors, nutrient intakes and dietary quality of children at child care centers for planning nutritional management program. The dietary intakes were measured by weighing method for intakes at child care centers and by dietary records by children\\`s mothers for intakes at home. The weight and height were measured and calculated z-scores by using standard of the same age groups. The children were 163 boys and 168 girls and the mean age were 55.6 months(12-78 months) and 56.0 months(16-78 months). respectively. The Z-score for height(0.33) and weight(0. 11) showed that the growth of children were above average. Nutrients intakes such s energy, protein, fiber, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin C, niacin of boys from lunch and snack at day care centers were significantly higher than those of girls, and the meals at child care centers provided 20-37% of RDAs. The daily energy intakes were 1332.2kcal(83.1% RDA), protein 44. 26g(109.3% RDA), calcium 437.73mg(72.4% RDA), iron 7.24mg(72.4% RDA), vitamin A 459.6RE(113.1% RDA),vitamin B$_1$ 0.74mg(93.4% RDA), vitamin B$_2$0.79mg(79.7% RDA), niacin 7.66mg(69.9% RDA) and vitamin C 56.84mg(142.1% RDA). The nutrients which more than 50% of subjects ate less than 75% RDA were calcium, iron, niacin, and vitamin B$_2$.The average mean adequacy ratio was 0.80 and mean dietary variety score was 22.42, and those are positively correlated to % RDA of nutrient intakes. In summary, the children using child care centers consumed most nutrients below level of RDA and the nutritional management program at child care center is required to enhance the nutritional status of them. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 890-900, 2000)

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.642-651
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• 2013

식품 중에 함유되어 있는 삭카린나트륨(sodium saccharin)과 수크랄로스(sucralose)의 섭취 안전성을 평가하고자, 삭카린나트륨 함유식품 339 품목, 수크랄로스 함유식품 590 품목을 서울, 경기, 충청, 경상지역에서 구입한 후 HPLC-UVD와 HPLC-ELSD로 각각 분석하여 그 함량을 모니터링 하고, 국민건강 영양조사 식이섭취량 자료를 이용하여 삭카린나트륨과 수크랄로스의 국민평균 섭취량, 연령별 섭취량, 상위 $95^{th}$ percentile 섭취량을 추정하였다. 삭카린나트륨은 절임류와 음료류에서 주로 검출되어 이 두 품목의 검출율이 총 검출율의 85%를 차지하였으며, 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 품목은 159.40 ppm이 검출된 절임류 이었다. 수크랄로스는 23.9%의 검출율을 나타내었으며, 껌류, 유제품, 음료의 검출율이 전체 검출율의 66.0%를 차지하였다. 수크랄로스의 평균 함량이 가장 높은 식품 유형은 과자류로서 320.5 ppm이 검출되었다. 삭카린나트륨의 국민평균 섭취량은 $59.02{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$로 나타나 ADI 대비 1.18% 수준이었고, 기여식품은 김치(39.8%), 절임류(27.8%), 과실채소음료(15.7%), 탄산음료(11.7%)로서, 이 네 품목의 섭취량이 전체 삭카린나트륨 섭취량의 95.0%를 차지하였다. 연령별로는 6세 이하의 어린이가 체중 당 삭카린나트륨 섭취량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타나, 1-2세는 ADI 대비 1.90%, 3-6세는 ADI 대비 1.79%이었고, 상위 $95^{th}$ percentile 섭취자의 섭취량은 264.37 ${\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, ADI 대비 5.29%로 나타나 매우 안전한 수준이었다. 식품을 통한 수크랄로스의 국민 평균 섭취량은 83.22 ${\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ (ADI의 0.55%)로 나타났고, 기여하는 식품은 유제품, 음료류, 아이스크림, 탁주 등이었다. 연령별로는 6세 이하 어린이들의 체중 당 수크랄로스 섭취량이 가장 높아, 1-2세는 ADI의 2.18%, 3-6세는 ADI의 1.76% 수준이었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 우리나라 국민이 식품을 통해 섭취하는 삭카린나트륨, 수크랄로스의 국민평균 섭취량, 연령별섭취량, 상위섭취자($95^{th}$ percentile 섭취자)의 섭취량 모두 JECFA가 설정한 ADI의 16% 이하로 매우 안전하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2005

High blood pressure is an important determinant of the incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Recommendations for control of high blood pressure emphasize lifestyle modification, including weight control, reduced sodium intake, increased physical activity. Subjects who were normotensive (n=19, $47.2\pm9.0$ y, BP l16/81 mmHg) ,treatment hypertensive (n=33, $54.2\pm6.9$ y, BP 132/85 mmHg) and non-treatment hypertensive (n=14, $50.1\pm11.0$ y, 149/94 mmHg) recruited. Anthropometric assessment (height weight waist circumference, hip circumference, fat$\%$, fat mass, and lean body mass) and dietary assessments (using 3-days food records, daily nutrient intakes were inuysed by CAN PRO 2.0 were carried out. Blood and 24-hour urine were collected). Test of recognition for salt taste threshold were performed. In non-treatment hypertensive male subjects, weight, $\%$IBW, BMI, and waist circumference were significantly higher than those of normotensive and treatment hypertensive subjects (p<0.05) .Food habits were not significantly different among the three groups. Intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B,, and vitamin B, were significantly higher in normotensive group (p<0.05). Intakes of sodium and salt taste recognition threshold were the highest in normotensive group and the lowest in treatment hypertensive group (p<0.05). Blood levels of lipids and minerals were not significantly different among the three groups. Urinary calcium level of normotensive group were significantly higher than that of treatment hypertensive and non-treatment hypertensive groups (p<0.05). These results indicate that continuous management of hypertension by drug and non-drug treatment affects salt taste recognition threshold and reduced the consumption of sodium. However, dietary sodium intake exceed recommended sodium intake to prevent and treat hypertension. It is necessary to develop the lifestyle modification program that may have beneficial effects on hypertension treatment.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.853-862
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• 2010

This study was conducted as a nationwide project in order to obtain data on the content and intake of sodium in school meals. For this purpose, we selected two elementary and two middle schools in Daejeon as well as four elementary schools in the Chungcheong area. We measured the sodium and potassium contents of 842 dishes as well as their intake levels over 154 days. Sodium content was analyzed using an AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer). The average meal intakes of second and fifth grade elementary school students were 244 g/meal and 304 g/meal, respectively. The meal intake of middle school students was 401 g/meal. Boys tended to eat slightly more than did girls, and students tended to eat more in the spring than in the summer. The average sodium intake per meal was 642 mg (570 mg by elementary school students, 1068 mg by middle school students), which was 32.1% of the UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level, 2,000 mg per day) according to the KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). The sodium intake per meal was not significantly differ between boys and girls or between spring and summer (p>0.05). This study provides fundamental data that can be used to establishment a nutrition policy concerning the adequate content of sodium in school meals.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the nutrient intake status of elderly dementia patients. We surveyed the dietary intake of 50 demented elderly patients receiving a regular diet, who were hospitalized in a geriatric hospital in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do. The average age of the subjects was $79.6{\pm}6.5$ for the males and $80.5{\pm}6.3$ for the females. The average heights were $169.5{\pm}6.0\;cm$ (males) and $154.6{\pm}5.2\;cm$ (females), and the average weights were $58.5{\pm}7.4$ (males) and $51.7{\pm}8.9\;kg$ (females). Depending on the type of dementia, the male patients showed significant differences in their intakes of vegetable protein, fiber, total iron, and non-heme iron between the Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the vascular dementia (VD) groups, and the female patients showed significant differences in their intakes of total protein, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin $B_6$ between the two groups. The male patients showed significant differences in their intakes of animal-source calcium and carotene according to ability to self-feed. According to physical activity, the male patients showed significant differences in vegetable fat and vitamin A intake, and the females showed significant differences in their intakes of total protein, animal protein, fiber, ash, total calcium, vegetable-source calcium, animal-source calcium, phosphorous, total iron, non-heme iron, heme iron, sodium, vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_6$, niacin, vitamin C, folate, and potassium. We found that the patients consumed excessive protein, but low amounts of calcium, vitamin $B_2$, and folate. Also, the patients' physical activity abilities appeared to affect their nutrient intakes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2011

Accurate assessment of nutrient adequacy of a population should be based on usual intake distribution of that population. This study was conducted to adjust usual nutrient intake distributions of a single 24-hour recall in 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Surveys (KNHNS) in order to determine the magnitude of limitations inherent to a single 24-hour recall in assessing nutrient intakes of a population. Of 9,960 individuals who provided one 24-hour recall in 2001 KNHNS, 3,976 subjects provided an additional one-day 24-hour recall in 2002 Korean National Nutrition Survey by Season (KNNSS). To adjust for usual intake distribution, we estimated within-individual variations derived from 2001 KNHNS and 2002 KNNSS using the Iowa State University method. Nutritionally at risk population was assessed in reference to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The Korean Estimated Average Requirement (Korean EAR) cut-point was applied to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes except for iron intakes, which were assessed using the probability approach. The estimated proportions below Korean EAR for calcium, riboflavin, and iron were 73%, 41%, and 24% from usual intake distribution and 70%, 51%, and 39% from one-day intake distribution, respectively. The estimated proportion of sodium intakes over the Intake Goal of 2,000 mg/day was 100% of the population after adjustment. The energy proportion from protein was within Korean Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (Korean AMDR), whereas that of carbohydrate was higher than the upper limit and that of fat was below the lower limit in the subjects aged 30 years or older. According to these results, the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy and excess intake is over-estimated in Korea unless usual intake distributions are adjusted for one-day intakes of most nutrients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2007

Inadequate dietary intakes and poor health behaviors are of concern among rural residents in Korea. This study is conducted to compare dietary intakes, dietary diversity score (DDS), mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) and health related behaviors by rural, factory and urban areas in Asan. A total of 930 adults (351 men and 579 women) were interviewed to assess social economic status (SES), health related behaviors and food intakes by a 24-hour recall method. Mean age was 61.5 years with men being older (64.8 years) than women (59.3 years, p<0.001). Men in the factory area were older than rural or urban men while urban women were the youngest. Education and income of urban residents were higher than other area residents. There were more current drinkers in urban area while smoking status was not different by regions. Physical activity was significantly higher in rural or factory areas, whilst urban residents exercised more often (p<0.05). Rural or factory area residents considered themselves less healthy than others while perceived stress was lower than urban residents. Energy intakes were higher in urban residents or in men, however, after SES was controlled, energy intake did not show any differences. Energy-adjusted nutrient intakes were significantly higher in the urban area (p<0.05) for most nutrients except for carbohydrate, niacin, folic acid, vitamin $B_6$, iron and fiber. Sodium intake was higher in factory area than in other areas after SES was controlled. DDS of rural men and MAR of both men and women in the rural area were significantly lower when SES was controlled. In conclusion, dietary intakes, diversity, adequacy and perceived health were poor in the rural area, although other health behaviors such as drinking and perceived stress were better than in the urban area. In order to improve perceived health of rural residents, good nutrition and exercise education programs are recommended.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.271-282
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• 2005

This study analyzed the physical indices, food habits and nutrient intakes of patients with hypertension, to provide better research data for the prevention and the cure for disease as well as basic data for nutrition education. The subjects were 44 patients who visited the general hospital, located in Daegu, to receive hypertension treatment The lifestyle, food habit, nutrient intakes, anthropometric measurements, body fat and blood pressure were measured as main indices. By the BMI, $72.8\%$ of the patients were over weight or obesity $(>23\;kg/m^2)$. In the male group, the WHR tended to increase according to the BMI (p<0.05). In the female group, the body fat tended to increase according to the BMI (p<0.05). The group with more monthly income showed lower systolic blood pressure than the group with smaller monthly income (p<0.05). The scores about food habits concerning balanced diet and preference for salt were low, which implied that food habits of subjects were not desirable. The intakes of riboflavin and calcium didn't meet the RDA requirements. Especially, the lack of calcium was more ap~nt in the female patients than the male ones. Despite this, they had more than enough protein, vitamin C, and iron. The physical indices according to blood pressure revealed that the group of higher blood pressure showed greater WHR (p<0.001). The male group with higher systolic blood pressure showed greater BMI than one with lower systolic blood pressure (p<0.05). As for nutrient intakes according to blood pressure, the group with higher blood pressure had more sodium and iron than one with lower blood pressure (p<0.05). The patients with hypertension tended to be more overweight or obese, preferred salty foods, and were in an unbalanced state of nutrient intakes. Thus more systematic and ongoing measures should be pursued to take care of patients with hypertension.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between nutrient intakes and bone mineral density in female university students. A total 27 female university students were measured the anthropometric characteristics, dietary intake and the bone mineral density of carpus using DEXA. The average age, height, weight, % body fat, WHR, and BMI of the subjects were 22.7 years, 161.5 cm, 57.0 kg, 29.9%, 0.8, 21.8 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Bone mineral density of ultradis and distal carpus as T-value were -1.5 and -0.4, respectively. The daily energy intake of the subjects was 1589.0kcal. And the intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin $B_2$, and folic acid did not meet the Korean RDAs. The daily total food intake of the subjects was 1011.0g and food intake from cereals and vegetables was high. The major food groups of mineral intake were vegetables/cereals/milks/fishes for calcium, cereals/meat/vegetables/fishes for phosphorus, cereals/vegetables/meats for iron, seasonings/vegetables/cereals for sodium, vegetables/cereals/seasonings for potassium, and cereals/meats for zinc. The body weight and body mass index were significantly positive correlated to the bone mineral density of average carpus, respectively. The intakes of animal calcium and vitamin $B_2$ were significantly negative correlated to the bone mineral density of average carpus, respectively. In conclusion, bone mineral density in carpus and nutrient intakes of some female university students were low. Therefore, health management and the study on relation between bone mineral density in various site and long-term intakes of nutrients in many subjects are required.