• Title/Summary/Keyword: sodium hydroxide-urea solution

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Characteristics of Cellulose Aerogel Prepared by Using Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide-urea (Sodium Hydroxide-urea 수용액을 이용하여 제조한 셀룰로오스계 에어로겔의 특성)

  • Kim, Eun-Ji;Kwon, Gu-Joong;Kim, Dae-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.302-309
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    • 2013
  • The highly porous cellulosic aerogels were prepared by freeze-drying method using sodium hydroxide-urea aqueous solution in the process of dissolution, gelation, regeneration and organic solvent substitution. The structural characteristics of porous aerogel were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption apparatus. As a result, the dissolving pulp was completely dissolved, but filter papers and holocellulose were divided into two layers (dissolved and undissolved parts) in the process of centrifugation. The structure of aerogel from dissolved pulp showed porous pores in the surface and net-shaped network in the inner part. Aerogels from filter paper and holocellulose had the condensed porous network surface and the open-pore nano-fibril network inner structure. Undissolved form of fibers was observed in the aqueous solution of aerogel from holocellulose. The BET value ($S_{BET}$) of aerogel from dissolved pulp was ranged in 260~326 $m^2/g$, and it was decreased with the increase of concentration. Whereas, the $S_{BET}$ value of aerogel from filter paper (198~418 $m^2/g$) was increased with the increase of concentration. The $S_{BET}$ value of aerogel from holocellulose were 137 $m^2/g$ at 2% (w/w) of cellulose, and it was increased to maximum 401 $m^2/g$ at 4% (w/w) of cellulose. Then, it was decreased at 5% (w/w) of cellulose.

Studies on the aqueous ammonia alternatives in the wet scrubbing method (습식 세정법에서 암모니아 대체물질에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Jae Gang;Lee, Ju-Yeol;Park, Byung Hyun;Choi, Jin Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.110-117
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    • 2016
  • In the existing research, the ammonia aqueous solution was used in order to remove the Nitrogen dioxide using the scrubber. However, ammonia is poisonous and stench is extreme. So, the system application follows the difficulty. Experiments were conducted to find a substitute material ammonia. The sodium hydroxide(NaOH), sodium thiosulfate ($Na_2S_2O_3$), and urea were used with the substitute substance. The experimental condition proceeded as the optimum conditions in the existing ammonia use. The experimental result NaOH and $Na_2S_2O_3$ was available. NaOH showed the efficiency which is the highest in 2.5%. And $Na_2S_2O_3$ showed the efficiency which is the highest in 5.0%. The efficiency was not fixed and the urea was inappropriate with the substitute substance.

Synthesis of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and Studies on its Fluorescent Effect (4,5-Diphenyl-Imidazolone의 合成 及 螢光效果에 關한 硏究)

  • Jeon, Poong-Jin;Kim, Hyung-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.70-77
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    • 1957
  • 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone is synthesized from Benzoin, Urea, and Acetic acid catalyser. Nowadays, it is being used as an optical bleaching agent for wool and nylon textiles. Up to now, only one process of synthesis has been known. In order to find out the best conditions governing the yield were examined under various catalysers and conditions. In this experiment, the summary of results were as follows. a. On Acetic acid catalyser. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Acetic acid) 1 : 2 : 14, Acetic acid concentration 99.9%. Reaction temperature 115$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 2 hours, above yield was 96.4%. b. On Mineral acid Catalyser. In using of Sulfonic acid, the color of solution was changed dark purlish black. With other mineral acid catalysers, in spite of increasing of temperature, it was proved that Benzoin floats on the solution, so that this reaction could not be continue. c. On Phosphoric acid catalyser. It was made clear that it can not be used for this reaction. d. On Sodium hydroxide catalyser. As one of Alkali catalyser, Sodium hydroxide was examined but this was unsuitable substance for this reaction. e. On Formic acid catalysers. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Formic acid) 1: 2: 30. Formic acid concentration 85.%. Reaction temperature 150∼110$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 90 minutes, the best yield was 87%. Hereby, it was proved that organic acids such as Acetic acid and Formic acid can be used. When using Acetic acid, the yield was better than Formic acid, but it takes longer reaction time than Formic acid. About the fluorescent effect, the temperature of dye-bath must not be over 904,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone is synthesized from Benzoin, Urea, and Acetic acid catalyser. Nowadays, it is being used as an optical bleaching agent for wool and nylon textiles. Up to now, only one process of synthesis has been known. In order to find out the best conditions governing the yield were examined under various catalysers and conditions. In this experiment, the summary of results were as follows. a. On Acetic acid catalyser. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Acetic acid) 1 : 2 : 14, Acetic acid concentration 99.9%. Reaction temperature 115$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 2 hours, above yield was 96.4%. b. On Mineral acid Catalyser. In using of Sulfonic acid, the color of solution was changed dark purlish black. With other mineral acid catalysers, in spite of increasing of temperature, it was proved that Benzoin floats on the solution, so that this reaction could not be continue. c. On Phosphoric acid catalyser. It was made clear that it can not be used for this reaction. d. On Sodium hydroxide catalyser. As one of Alkali catalyser, Sodium hydroxide was examined but this was unsuitable substance for this reaction. e. On Formic acid catalysers. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Formic acid) 1: 2: 30. Formic acid concentration 85.%. Reaction temperature 150∼110$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 90 minutes, the best yield was 87%. Hereby, it was proved that organic acids such as Acetic acid and Formic acid can be used. When using Acetic acid, the yield was better than Formic acid, but it takes longer reaction time than Formic acid. About the fluorescent effect, the temperature of dye-bath must not be over 90$^{\circ}$. and the ratio of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and water should be from 1:50000. to 1:10000. It proved that the best effect on textiles, and the best condition were dye-temperature near 704,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone is synthesized from Benzoin, Urea, and Acetic acid catalyser. Nowadays, it is being used as an optical bleaching agent for wool and nylon textiles. Up to now, only one process of synthesis has been known. In order to find out the best conditions governing the yield were examined under various catalysers and conditions. In this experiment, the summary of results were as follows. a. On Acetic acid catalyser. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Acetic acid) 1 : 2 : 14, Acetic acid concentration 99.9%. Reaction temperature 115$^{\circ}C$. . Under reaction time of 2 hours, above yield was 96.4%. b. On Mineral acid Catalyser. In using of Sulfonic acid, the color of solution was changed dark purlish black. With other mineral acid catalysers, in spite of increasing of temperature, it was proved that Benzoin floats on the solution, so that this reaction could not be continue. c. On Phosphoric acid catalyser. It was made clear that it can not be used for this reaction. d. On Sodium hydroxide catalyser. As one of Alkali catalyser, Sodium hydroxide was examined but this was unsuitable substance for this reaction. e. On Formic acid catalysers. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Formic acid) 1: 2: 30. Formic acid concentration 85%. Reaction temperature 150∼110$^{\circ}C$. Under reaction time of 90 minutes, the best yield was 87%. Hereby, it was proved that organic acids such as Acetic acid and Formic acid can be used. When using Acetic acid, the yield was better than Formic acid, but it takes longer reaction time than Formic acid. About the fluorescent effect, the temperature of dye-bath must not be over 90$^{\circ}C$. and the ratio of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and water should be from 1:50000. to 1:10000. It proved that the best effect on textiles, and the best condition were dye-temperature near 70$^{\circ}C$. and dye-time 15 minutes. . and dye-time 15 minutes. . and the ratio of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and water should be from 1:50000. to 1:10000. It proved that the best effect on textiles, and the best condition were dye-temperature near 70$^{\circ}C$. and dye-time 15 minutes.

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Synthesis and Ion Exchange Capacity of 2-Vinylpyridine Series Ion Exchange Resins (2-비닐피리딘계 이온교환수지의 합성과 그의 이온교환능)

  • Dong Won Kim;Hae Yong Song
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.160-165
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    • 1981
  • Radical copolymerization of the complexed 2-vinylpyridine with vinyl acetate and divinylbenzene initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile was carried out in N, N-dimethylformamide in presence of barium chloride at $98{\circ}C$. In the preparation of 2-vinylpyridine-vinylacetate-divinylbenzene terpolymer, the optimum reaction conditions were studied by means of various temperatures and times. 2-vinylpyridine-vinylalcohol-divinybenzene resin was prepared by transesterificating 2-vinylpyridine-vinylacetate-divinylbenzene terpolymer with a 1% methanolic sodium hydroxide solution. 2-Vinylpyridine-vinylphosphate-divinyldenzene was prepared by phosphorylating 2-vinylpyridine-vinylalcohol-divinylbenzene resin with phosphoric acid and urea. The compositions of each synthetic resin were identified by means of infrared absorption spectroscopy. The ion exchange capacities of each 2-vinylpyridine-vinylalcohol-divinylbenzene and 2-vinylpyridine-vinylphosphate-divinylbenzene terpolymer was 3.69 meq/g and 5.38 meq/g.

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