• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-144
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• 2020

Throughout various data sources, it is widely observed that air quality in South Korea has become improved. Koreans, however, insist that their health status and economic burden due to worsened air quality get degenerated. This study aims to explain the mismatch between perception and measured data, air pollution-led medical expenses, and consumption behaviors in the economics perspectives. First, we demonstrated data-driven evidence of mismatch in the perceived severity of air pollution and its enhancement in measured data. Second, using the health demand model, we theoretically derived and empirically showed a co-rising relation between air pollution severity and medical expenses. Last, we analyzed that the perception led to increased defensive expenditures in consumption. This result implies the possibility of overestimation in air pollution impacts on socioeconomic losses and its possible reverse interpretation from increased social benefit after improved air quality. Our results recommend policy consideration to strengthen air quality standards, to support socially vulnerable groups regarding defensive expenditures, and to improve the accessibility and credibility of air pollution information.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-72
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• 2009

With the growing importance of accountability, it is getting necessary to test the impact of marketing expenditure on marketing performance. Including recent ROM, we can find a few researches about marketing accountability. But there are a few problems about definitions and metric of marketing expenditure and marketing performance. Therefore, by defining and analyzing the impact of marketing expenditure on marketing performance, we are going to set the classification scheme of marketing expenditure and marketing performance. Based on research findings, new definitions and metrics are proposed as follows. First, we suggest the classification scheme of marketing expenditure. Marketing expenditure is defined as expense accounts in the balance sheet for doing marketing tasks. Marketing expenditures includes many accounts, for example, marketing research, advertising, sales promotion, foreign market development, physical distribution, after services. Among these marketing investment, advertising expenses have a positive effect on marketing performance. Second, we suggest the classification scheme of marketing performance. Already, marketing performance has been defined as financial metrics, customer metrics, market metrics, and corporate social responsibility. But, in this study, we find that the process model is not relevant for explaining association between the performance metrics. The process model is a virtuous cycle: "customer metrics→market metrics→financial metrics→firm valuation metrics." But, in this study, it is not supported or a little significant association between these metrics. Based on these results, we suggest the balance model or flower model as the classification scheme of marketing performance.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.51-77
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• 2012

This study examines the scale of occurrence of Catastrophic Health Expenditure, and identifies the factors influencing Catastrophic Health Expenditure among disabled elderly households. Catastrophic Health Expenditure is defined by when the households' health care spending out of ability to pay exceeds 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. This study used the 2008, 2009, and 2010 surveys of the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled(PSED) to explore how gender, age, spouse, the level of education, the degree of disability, the type of disability, disability duration, subjective health status, chronic disease, the number of household members, the proportion of disabled households, the proportion of working households, the proportion of aged households, the type of poverty, household income, net asset, determine Catastrophic Health Expenditure among disabled elderly households. The study examines the frequency of Catastrophic Health Expenditure with 726 households, and conducted the panel logit model. The empirical results show that Catastrophic Health Expenditures are significantly related to age, spouse, the type of disability, subjective health status, chronic disease, the number of households, the proportion of disabled households, the proportion of aged households, the type of poverty. This study showed that the health care safety net in South Korea was insufficient for disabled elderly households and that a policy should be established in ordered to protect disabled elderly households from occurrence of Catastrophic Health Expenditure.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2014

Due to the rapid population's aging, the life span's expansion and social & cultural characteristics, the standards of age classes in senescence are changed. Thus, this study aimed to identify the influential factors on health care utilization in the elderly by age class, and targeted 2,937 adults in their ages over 55 years old from the Korea Health Panel's 2009 Yearly Integrated Data. This study investigated the target health care utilization in the elderly in relation with the gender, the education level, the health-care insurance type, the income, the current job state, the chronic disease. In order to analyze the influential factors on health care utilization in the elderly, the multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to the data. As the results from this study, Concerning the influential factors on the health care utilization, the income, the subjective health state, the chronic disease and the regularly meals for the young-old influenced. Concerning the influential factors on the health care utilization, the subjective health state for the old. Concerning the influential factors on the health care utilization, the subjective health state, the income for the older-old influenced. Concerning the influential factors on the health care utilization, the education level, the spouse, the economic activity and the drinking oldest-old influenced. Therefore, it will need to provide systemic health-care & medical services, to develop health-care & medical programs and the health-care & medical policies and to execute them according to the age classes in senescence.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.196-238
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• 1996

Because global innovation-based competition is increasing and the amount of R&D expenditures becomes severely large, it is more likely that mergers and collaborative ventures tend to affect adversely to R&D competition Against this trend, enforcing agency of advanced countries including U.S.A are reassessing certain aspects of competition policy toward mergers and acquisition to ensure that procompetitive, efficiency-enhancing transactions are permitted. The role of competition policy is developing and appropriating new technology and protects the risks involved in the licensing contract of technologies. The role of intellectual property rights is also contrived to promote technological innovation and to increase consumer welfare. That is to say, dynamic efficiency of intellectual property rights includes (l) increase in social welfare and (2) promotion of growth by improvement of quality through invention and commercialization of new product as well as enhanced productive efficiency thorough appropriating new process. Because intellectual property rights are licensed to make use of complementary inputs, the rule of reason approach seems proper when applying antitrust law. To analyze the "Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing and Acquisition of Intellectual Property"by DOJ and FTC in U.S.A, the author surveyed pros and cons on innovation market approach. This approach will only be used in a narrow range of situations when the evidence is solid, concentration numbers are extremely high, and the agencies can predict with a high degree of certainty that the merger will likely lead either to a slowing in the pace of innovation or the loss of an alternative research track that is likely to lead to a product beneficial to consumers. The author introduces the studies on licensing contract of intellectual property rights and competition polices on behalf of potential inquirers. Also the author invites the interdisciplinary researchers to analyze further with a model on the aspects of the "Notice 1995-10 for Types and Criteria on Unfair Transaction Behavior in International Contracts" by Fair Trade Committee of Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2017

Objectives: To explore experiences of treatment-related side effects and supportive care among Korean breast cancer survivors (BCS). Methods: Focus group interview was conducted with six Korean women with breast cancer. Participants were recruited through snow-balling. Interview was audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. NVivo-11 was used to code the data into themes. Results: Two major themes were identified: (1) experiences of Western medicine, including treatment, side effects, needs and costs; (2) experiences of supportive care with Korean medicine, including the same as above. All participants experienced Western medicine in treatment phase and reported impairment of physical, emotional, and social functioning during and after Western medicine treatment. Only three participants used Korean medicine after treatments end. The negative responses from Western medicine doctors were the most important factor keeping participants from accessing Korean medicine when treatment-related side effects occurred. For this reason, some participants used Korean medicine without disclosure. Participants usually acquired information about Korean medicine from online community or other BCS, which was another important factor because it raised concerns about side effects and credibility of Korean medicine. High cost was also reported as barrier in using Korean medicine. During the cancer treatment, participants tended to endure their treatment-related side effects. Conclusions: Korean BCS may be at high risk of physical or emotional distress during treatment period. Findings suggest that there is a high need for supportive care to relieve treatment-related side effects and improve patients' quality-of-life. Furthermore, developing a systematic guidance or credible information sources should be warranted to help patients find the best supportive care options including Korean medicine.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.84-104
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• 2017

In this study, we divided Gyeonggi-do into Northern, Southern, Western, and Eastern Parts and found out fiscal variables which affected regional economic growth of each Part differentially. And we drew the strategy for economic growth of each Part. After we found out the variables which affected regional economic growth using fixed-effect model, we carried out causality test to determine whether a specific fiscal variable caused economic growth. In the Eastern Part, local tax revenues had a significant effect on the economic growth. Total expenditures, current expenditure in the Southern Part and social welfare expenditure, expenditure on industries, current expenditure in the Northern Part had noticeable effects on economic growth respectively. And we calculated multipliers of fiscal variables to compare the magnitudes of effects among these Parts.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.21-48
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• 2006

As prior studies indicate that chronic diseases are mainly attributed to health behavior, preventive health care rather than treatment for illness needs to improve health status. Since chronic conditions require long-term therapy, health care expenditures to treat chronic diseases have been substantial burden at national level. In this point of view, this study suggests that the health promotion program should be based on Knowledge Based System Using Data Mining Technique, we developed a predictive model for preventive healthcare management on diabetes mellitus. Generally, in the outbreak of diabetes mellitus there is a difference in lifestyle and the risk factors according to gender. So we developed a predictive model in accordance with gender difference and applied the Logistic Regression Model based on Data Mining process. The result of the study were as follow. The lift of the last predictive model was an average 2.23 times(male model : 2.13, female model 2.33) more improved than in the random model in upper 10% group. The health risk factors of diabetes mellitus are gender, age, a place of residence, blood pressure, glucose, smoking, drinking, exercise rate. On the basis of these factors, we suggest the program of the health promotion.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.84-101
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• 2002

This study estimated the influence of 'the separation of prescribing and dispensing roles' (SPD) policy, which implemented in July 2000, on the community pharmacies in Korea, by using data on the revenues and expenditures in the previous researches. We first assumed the rate of drug price differential was 20% with four different models which was based on various data of studies carried out in the similar period. Later, we applied different rates for the sensitivity analysis. According to the results, all community pharmacies made the net profit of 118.9 billion won (0.552 million won monthly per one pharmacy) after the SPD policy. The ratio of net profit to net sales dropped by 7.41%p from 22.19% to 14.78%. Additional sensitivity analysis indicated there were wide range of differences about whether net profit or net gain, and that extent which either existed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2016

Internet addiction (IA) has become a widespread and problematic phenomenon as smart devices pervade society. Moreover, internet gaming disorder leads to increases in social expenditures for both individuals and nations alike. Although the prevention and treatment of IA are getting more important, the diagnosis of IA remains problematic. Understanding the neurobiological mechanism of behavioral addictions is essential for the development of specific and effective treatments. Although there are many databases related to other addictions, a database for IA has not been developed yet. In addition, bioinformatics databases, especially genetic databases, require a high level of security and should be designed based on medical information standards. In this respect, our study proposes the OAuth standard protocol for database access authorization. The proposed IA Bioinformatics (IABio) database system is based on internet user authentication, which is a guideline for medical information standards, and uses OAuth 2.0 for access control technology. This study designed and developed the system requirements and configuration. The OAuth 2.0 protocol is expected to establish the security of personal medical information and be applied to genomic research on IA.