• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2014

Sexual dimorphism in intelligence suggests that this phenotype is a sexually selected trait. This view is supported by an overrepresentation (compared to the autosomal genome) of genes affecting cognition on the X chromosome. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that sexual selection can explain sex and country-level differences in performance on tests of fluid intelligence. Nationally representative samples from N = 44 countries were obtained from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Creative Problem Solving (CPS), which evaluates the core of intelligence, that is novel problem solving ability. Sexual selection has the double effect of increasing the prevalence of a favored phenotype and reducing genetic variation in sexually selected traits. Matching these predictions from evolutionary theory, the average country fluid intelligence is positively correlated to sexual dimorphism after partialling out per capita GDP and the latter in turn is inversely correlated to variance in intelligence scores within populations. Males have a higher variance than females but there is a negative correlation between male-female difference in variance and sexual dimorphism in intelligence, suggesting that selection reduces variance more in the selected sex. Average country male height is negatively correlated to sexual dimorphism in intelligence, a fact that supports the notion of a trade-off between physical and intellectual competition in the context of access to females. The results of this study, if replicated, imply that genome-wide association studies of cognition may benefit from a focus on sex chromosomes, which so far have been neglected. Another implication of this study is that intelligence has continued to evolve after different human populations migrated out of Africa and possibly up to the 19th century, as suggested by the substantial variability in sex differences even between neighbouring countries.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.909-917
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• 2023

Semiotic theory plays a vital role in the cognition of realistic films. Realistic films aim to reflect events and situations in real life, and arouse the audience's thinking about real problems through realistic depiction. In this process, the theory of semiotics helps to reveal the symbolic elements in the film and the profound meaning behind them. This study focused on the realism movie 도 가 니 "(Silenced), on the basis of the theory of saussure's semiotics, combined with its proposed the concept of "signifier" and "mean", through the study of arbitrariness and secondary film symbol sign system, designed to dig deeper into the symbolic meanings in the movie, and their cultural significance and social evaluation. By analyzing the implied narrative structure, meaning structure and ideology in the film, this paper probes into the influence and effect of mass culture on society and reveals the potential information conveyed by symbols in the film. This study aims to provide creative insights and explanations to provide useful references for research in related fields.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.17
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• pp.37-60
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• 2001

This study attempted to demonstrate the interaction effects between attitudinal frames of nine daily newspapers and community structure in the 1994s Michigan gubernatorial election. It was theoretically guided by framing research and the self-presentation theory of social-cognition perspective and empirically tested with archival data. For the purpose of this study, content analysis of nine statewide daily newspapers was employed in order to provide data on news framing. Data on voting rates for John Engler, winner of the 1994 Michigan Gubernatorial election, in each county of Michigan were used for vote choice while Michigan census data were used for constructing an Index of community structural differentiation. The results indicated that majority compliance frames were slightly more related with vote choice in homogeneous com-unities rather than were majority compliance frames in heterogeneous communities while social identification frames tended to have an influence on vote choice in heterogeneous communities more than did social identification frames in homogeneous communities.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2017

There have been questions how entrepreneurs think, act and why individuals become entrepreneurs. The trait-based explanation of entrepreneurial activities has been main stream. However, the trait-based theory has been criticized because it assumes that entrepreneurial traits are inherited, stable and enduring over time. This research accepts the cognitive theory to see how entrepreneurs learn or accept others' values, how entrepreneurial perceptions of opportunity impact entrepreneurial actions and how individuals acquire the social legitimation of the formation of entrepreneurial activities. In order to capture the attitudes, activities and motivations of people who are involved in entrepreneurial activities, the author uses the GEM Korea 2016 data. The data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) has been well known for the data to capture individuals early-stage entrepreneurial activities. This paper used the sample from the APS(Adult Population Survey) of the GEM which was completed by a representative sample of two thousand adults in Korea by the qualified survey vendor, with strict procedures and oversight by the GEM central data team. The hypotheses are tested with logit regression analysis to estimate the probability of the influence of perceptual variables such as individual perception in social learning, the opportunity recognition in the environment, and social legitimation in the entrepreneurial activities. Based on the results, individuals tend to have high entrepreneurial activities if individuals have high self-efficacy. Also, the existence of role models around the entrepreneurs encourages the individuals involve in entrepreneurial activities more however the perception of opportunity in the environment is not strongly associated with entrepreneurial activities. The media exposure of successful entrepreneurs is more important than others' perception of entrepreneurs on the desirable career option or respect from communities. This paper can contribute to the cognitive processes, particular perception about oneself, as well as perception which is impacted by a community or a society.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 2011

The collective intelligence is a common-based production by the collaboration and competition of many peer individuals. In other words, it is the aggregation of individual intelligence to lead the wisdom of crowd. Recently, the utilization of the collective intelligence has become one of the emerging research areas, since it has been adopted as an important principle of web 2.0 to aim openness, sharing and participation. This paper introduces an approach to seek the collective intelligence by cognition of the relation and interaction among individual participants. It describes a methodology well-suited to evaluate individual intelligence in information retrieval and classification as an application field. The research investigates how to derive and represent such cognitive intelligence from individuals through the application of fuzzy relational theory to personal construct theory and knowledge grid technique. Crucial to this research is to implement formally and process interpretatively the cognitive knowledge of participants who makes the mutual relation and social interaction. What is needed is a technique to analyze cognitive intelligence structure in the form of Hasse diagram, which is an instantiation of this perceptive intelligence of human beings. The search for the collective intelligence requires a theory of similarity to deal with underlying problems; clustering of social subgroups of individuals through identification of individual intelligence and commonality among intelligence and then elicitation of collective intelligence to aggregate the congruence or sharing of all the participants of the entire group. Unlike standard approaches to similarity based on statistical techniques, the method presented employs a theory of fuzzy relational products with the related computational procedures to cover issues of similarity and dissimilarity.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-149
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• 2016

Based on a comprehensive literature review on Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory, this study proposes and empirically examines a structural model consisting of factors affecting voluntary information security compliance behavior. To test the proposed research model, the study analyzes survey results from employees of a major Korean energy company, which employs an enterprise compliance support system. Results indicate three factors: compliance behavioral belief and compliance knowledge affect compliance behavior; compliance knowledge works as a mediator in the relationship between compliance behavioral belief and compliance behavior; and the more relevant the compliance is to an employee's job, the more the employee prioritizes compliance knowledge. This study suggests methods for encouraging employees to embrace voluntary, positive information security compliance standards. By doing so, this article aims to promote a more effective corporate compliance system for information security and enhance sustainable management practices.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.163-186
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• 2010

Objective and Background : Attempt to express knowledge by IT is the current of the times, knowledge of the oriental medicine have to meet the needs of the times. It takes 'classification system of the oriental medicine terms' and 'system of the predicate' for explaining the relation between concepts to express knowledge by IT technique. Researches for 'classification system of the oriental medicine terms' are in progress already, researches for 'system of the predicate' are insufficient. Subject of study : We proceeded to study of the predicate in Idongwon(李東垣)'s "Biwiron(脾胃論)" has clear theory system and considerable influence upon knowledge of the oriental medicine for studying 'system of the predicate' which expresses knowledge of the oriental medicine in early stage. Method : Acquire Chinese play a predicate part in "Biwiron(脾胃論)", translate the Chinese to answer the context, group the similar predicate, decide representative predicate of group. And attempt to make classification system of the representative predicate with Term management system based on SQL Server 2005. Results and Considerations : I classify the predicate which predicate diagnosis, treatment, symptoms and knowledge of the oriental medicine into existence, condition, cognition and will. This classification seems to be useful to explain factors which have an effect on demonstration and treatment.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

I think constructivism can be considered as the new count proposal for understanding human to Cartesian rationalism. Constructivism has the common area not only with recent results of evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology. brain science, system theory, and complex adaptive system but also with recent trends of humanities, and social science. In artificial intelligence, the studies which can be considered as constructivistic methods is going on. In this paper, from a constructivistic pint of view, to broaden the concept of intelligence in artificial intelligenve, I will examine constructivistic methodologies to intelligent machine and look about the artificial intelligence techniques which are constructivistic. Throughout such a discussion I want to promote the integral understanding of various kinds of mind theories and techniques, and pave the way of general intelligence in artificial intelligence.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.65-92
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• 2019

The purposes of this study are to examine the impact of LMX on psychological empowerment, job engagement, and customer orientation, and to analyze the dual mediation effect of psychological empowerment and job engagement. To conduct this study, we used 333 questionnaires collected by members of domestic companies and organizations. Analyses results are as follows: First, LMX has no positive effect on customer orientation. Second, in the relationship between LMX and customer orientation, psychological empowerment and job engagement play a mediating role. Third, in the relationship between LMX and customer orientation, psychological empowerment and Job Engagement play a dual mediating role. The results of this study suggest the following implications. The theoretical implication is that this study once again confirmed behavior patterns such as cognition, emotion, attitude, and behavior of members in the organization. In addition, this study contributes to the literature by explaining that these behavior patterns by way of social exchange theory. The practical implication is that this study confirmed that members in the management field need to utilize a customer orientation in order to achieve the organization's goal efficiently and effectively.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.611-630
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate which psychological factors influence on the gifted students' achievement. As a psychological factor, self-determination, learning goal-orientation, self-efficacy, belief of intelligence, and self-regulated learning strategy were examined. The difference in psychological factors between the gifted with high achievement and the gifted with low achievement was to explored. For the study 128 gifted students' data from second-year data of Korean Education Longitudinal Study (KELS) were selected and analyzed. The findings indicate that the predictors of gifted students' achievement are extrinsic regulation, identified regulation, mastery-approach goal, self-efficacy, elaboration, and meta-cognition factor. Especially, the factor of elaboration and identified regulation are the strongest predictors. The findings from t-test analysis indicate that the gifted with low achievement show the low level in self-determination, mastery-approach, self-efficacy, elaboration, meta-cognition, place management and seeking social assistance from teacher. Therefore the developing elaboration, one of regulation learning strategy, is essential to improve the achievement of the gifted students with low scores.