• Psychiatry investigation
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1079-1086
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• 2018

Objective The pathophysiology of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is not yet well understood, but previous research has suggested that oxytocin is associated with social behavior and may play a role in human anxiety states and anxiety-related traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between social anxiety symptoms and plasma oxytocin levels. Methods Twenty-three male patients with SAD and 28 healthy male controls participated in this study. All participants were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify associations between plasma oxytocin levels and SAD. Results In multiple regression models, after controlling for age and years of education, we found that higher oxytocin levels were significantly associated with higher total LSAS scores ($R^2=0.157$, coefficient=0.145, 95% CI=-0.0005-0.291, p=0.051) and fear subscale scores ($R^2=0.134$, coefficient=0.083, 95% CI=0.007-0.159, p=0.034) in the SAD group. Conclusion In this study, increased plasma oxytocin levels were associated with higher social anxiety symptoms among SAD patients, but not among controls. This might be because among SAD patients, higher oxytocin (OT) secretion is an insufficient compensatory attempt to reduce social anxiety symptoms.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2022

Objective : This study was to examine the impact of adverse childhood experiences on social anxiety symptoms in young adults and verify the mediating effects of positive resources. Methods : Data from 1,317 young adults aged to 18 to 29 years who took part in the university-based cross-sectional survey were analyzed. All participants completed Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) scale, Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), and Positive Resources Test (POREST). Results : In young adults, 9.3% had severe social anxiety symptoms. Based on 10 ACE categories, 32.7% of participants reported one or more adverse childhood experience, and 4.5% reported four or more different forms of adverse childhood experiences. Young adults with higher social anxiety symptoms were likely to report more adverse childhood experiences, and less positive resources. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that positive resources moderated the association between adverse childhood experiences and social anxiety symptoms. Conclusion : Based on the results, professionals need to consider early detection of adverse childhood experiences and comorbid social anxiety symptoms. In addition, various positive psychological interventions for individuals with adverse childhood experiences are needed.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2014

Objective : The amygdala has been considered to be a critical region in the pathophysiology of social anxiety disorder, but subregional connectivity pattern has not been examined yet despite lots of previous functional neuroimaging studies. Methods : Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data was obtained in 19 patients with social anxiety disorder and 20 normal controls, and default mode functional connectivity with each of basolateral, centromedial and superficial areas of the amygdala was measured and compared between the two groups. Results : Differential amygdala-based networks between the two groups were distributed to all over the brain. In particular, however, a bias on the amygdala-cingulate pathway was observed in the superficial amygdala only. Connectivity strengths between the superficial amygdala and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex were correlated with scores of social interaction and avoidance. Conclusion : Our findings provide new insights into understanding of the intrinsic cognitive bias model of social anxiety disorder. An abnormality in superficial amygdala-anterior cingulate connectivity may influence on cognitive processing of socially-relevant information in social anxiety disorder.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 사회적 불안이 개인의 심리적 적응에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 사회적 불안을 더 많이 느끼는 사람들이 적게 느끼는 사람들에 비하여 걱정증상과 신경증 수준이 높았고 삶의 만족도와 심리적 안녕감 수준은 낮았다. 사회적 불안의 하위 영역과 하위 차원 중 심리적 적응도를 예언하는 영역이나 차원이 무엇인지를 알아보았다. 부정적 적응은 주로 개인불안에 의해 유발되는 반면, 긍정적인 적응은 개인불안과 함께, 공정성불안과 미래불안에 의해 예측되었다. 또한 사회적 불안 하위 차원 중에서는 상황을 염려하여 사람들이 느끼는 불안인 예견불안이 긍정적, 부정적 적응도를 유의하게 예언하였다. 사회적 불안과 최근 발생한 응답자들의 행동이나 생각 변화와의 관계를 분석한 결과, 사회적 불안이 높은 응답자일수록 최근 공격반응이나 포기반응을 더 자주 하였다. 특히 공격반응의 경우 개인불안이 유의한 예측변수로 나타났으며, 포기반응의 경우에는 정치불안과 사회문제불안이 유의한 예언변수로 나타났다. 사회적 불안차원 중에서 공격과 포기반응을 예측하는 변인은 예견불안이었다. 마지막으로 사회적 불안에 대한 스트레스 대처방식을 살펴본 결과, 응답자들은 전반적으로 문제해결적 대처방식을 많이 사용하고 있었다. 그러나 사회적 불안 수준이 높은 사람들이 사회적 불안이 낮은 사람들에 비하여 소망적 사고를 많이 하고 있었고, 특히, 안전불안과 정치불안을 많이 느끼는 사람일수록 소망적 사고를 많이 하였다. 반면에 반응불안이 높은 사람은 문제 회피적인 스트레스 대처방식을 많이 사용하고 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2023

Purpose: This study conducted a concept analysis to clarify the meaning of anxiety in hospitalized patients with infectious diseases who have been placed in isolation. Methods: This study used Walker and Avant's process of concept analysis. Results: Anxiety in hospitalized patients with infectious diseases who have been placed in isolation can be defined by the following attributes: 1) fear, 2) guilt, 3) isolation, 4) discrimination, 5) frustration, 6) shame, and 7) uncertainty. The antecedents of anxiety were as follows: 1) a lack of information about infectious diseases, 2) restrictions of movement, 3) blockage of the social support system, 4) helplessness, and 5) negative biases. The consequences of anxiety were 1) internalized stigma, 2) loss of confidence, 3) lack of social activities and avoidance, 4) insomnia, 5) poor quality of life. Conclusion: The definition and attributes of anxiety identified in this study can be applied to enhance the understanding of anxiety in hospitalized patients with infectious diseases who have been placed in isolation. Systematic suppose should also be provided to reduce anxiety in these patients.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

Objective : Social Phobia is associated with extensive disability and reduced quality of life. The concept of 'social self' is a representation of the self-reflected in the eyes of others, and is recruited during self-face recognition, which is closely related to self-esteem. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship of face recognition for self and others using measures of social anxiety and self-esteem in patients with social phobia. Methods : Twenty-seven patients with social phobia and twenty-three normal controls were evaluated with scales of self-esteem, depression, anxiety and other psychiatric symptoms. All participants completed the self-face recognition task. Nine self-faces, nine other faces and eighty-one morphed faces were presented randomly for each trial. The participants were instructed to make a decision as to whether the stimuli were self-face or not. The responses and reaction times were recorded during the task. Results : There were no group differences of the morphing composition at the recognition start point as self-face. In patients with social phobia, the mean reaction time at the start point of recognizing as a self-face was 1,037.6 ms, which was significantly longer than that of normal controls (911.3 ms, p<0.05). Patients with social phobia showed a significant negative correlation between the mean reaction time and the severity of depression when the stimuli were recognized as a self-face (r=-0.421, p<0.05). Conclusion : A difficulty in attention rather than avoidance may be an important factor of face recognition in patients with social phobia. When considering self-face recognition in such patients, many factors, such as anxiety, depression, working memory and theory of mind, need to be considered.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2008

Objectives : Gender differences in demographic characteristics, symptom presentation, and severity may influence the selection of target behaviors as well as the course and outcome of therapeutic interventions for patients with social phobia. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender differences in the symptomatic characteristics of Korean patients with social phobia. Methods : A total of 256 outpatients with social phobia at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital were included in this study. All subjects were evaluated using the Korean version of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus. Potential differences in demographic characteristics, severity of anxiety, and situational fear and avoidance were examined. Self-report questionnaires and interviewer-administered instruments, including the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), Social Phobia subscale of the Fear Questionnaire (FQ-social), Appraisal of Social Concerns (ASC), and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), were used to evaluate the severity of the patients' symptoms. Results : There were no gender differences in demographic characteristics, age, age at onset of social phobia, total SPS score, FQ-Social score, ASC score, and LSAS score. In addition, there was no gender difference in the severity of fear in specific social situations. However, women reported significantly higher total scores on the social helplessness category of the ASC than men (p=0.009). Conclusion : Previous studies reported that the severity of social phobia symptoms is greater in women than in men, but our results suggest that there are no significant gender differences in the severity of social phobia symptoms. Thus, gender differences among patients with social phobia are discussed in the context of traditional sex-role expectations.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.352-361
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• 2019

본 연구에는 초등학교 고학년 여학생의 사회불안이 관계적 공격성에 미치는 영향에서 정서조절능력이 매개하는지 검증해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 인천지역 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 여학생 177명을 대상으로 사회불안척도, 정서조절능력척도, 관계적 공격성 척도를 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 초등학교 고학년 여학생의 사회불안은 관계적 공격성과 정적 상관을, 정서조절능력 전체 및 하위요인인 문제 중심적 대처 지지추구의 긍정적 절서조절과는 부적 상관을 감정발산, 공격적 표현, 회피와 같은 부정적 절서조절과는 정적 상관을, 정서조절능력은 관계적 공격성과 부적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 초등학교 고학년 여학생의 사회불안이 관계적 공격성에 미치는 영향에서 정서조절능력이 완전매개 하였다. 셋째, 사회불안이 관계적 공격성에 미치는 영향에서 정서조절능력의 하위요인별 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 문제 중심적 대처 지지 추구와 같은 긍정적 정서조절은 부분 매개를, 감정발산, 공격적 표현과 회피와 같은 부정적 정서조절은 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 이론적 함의와 초등상담의 실천적 함의 및 한계점과 추후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.87-100
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• 1996

Sixty-three children aged 5 and 6 years and their mothers and teachers participated in this study examining the association between attachment and social competence. The quality of attachment was assessed using Separation Anxiety Test developed by Slough and Greenberg. Mothers and teachers completed questionnaires regarding family background and social competence(Iowa Social Competence Scale:Preschool), Consistent with attachment theory and previous research, there were significant relationships between children's attachment quality and their social competence. Attachment scores were positively associated with Social Competence and Leadership scores and negatively with Apprehension and Hypersensitivity scores. In contrast, Avoidance scores were negatively correlated with Social Competence and Leadership scores and positively with Hypersensitivity scores.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2015

Propofol is an anesthetic agent that gained wide use because of its fast induction of anesthesia and rapid recovery post-anesthesia. However, previous studies have reported immediate neurodegeneration and long-term impairment in spatial learning and memory from repeated neonatal propofol administration in animals. Yet, none of those studies has explored the sex-specific long-term physical changes and behavioral alterations such as social (sociability and social preference), emotional (anxiety), and other cognitive functions (spatial working, recognition, and avoidance memory) after neonatal propofol treatment. Seven-day-old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats underwent repeated daily intraperitoneal injections of propofol or normal saline for 7 days. Starting fourth week of age and onwards, rats were subjected to behavior tests including open-field, elevated-plus-maze, Y-maze, 3-chamber social interaction, novel-object-recognition, passive-avoidance, and rotarod. Rats were sacrificed at 9 weeks and hippocampal protein expressions were analyzed by Western blot. Results revealed long-term body weight gain alterations in the growing rats and sex-specific impairments in spatial (female) and recognition (male) learning and memory paradigms. A markedly decreased expression of hippocampal NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit in female- and increased expression of AMPA GluR1 subunit protein expression in male rats were also found. Other aspects of behaviors such as locomotor activity and coordination, anxiety, sociability, social preference and avoidance learning and memory were not generally affected. These results suggest that neonatal repeated propofol administration disrupts normal growth and some aspects of neurodevelopment in rats in a sex-specific manner.