• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.345-359
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to correlation between the index of dental caries in primary teeth and the habits of diet and snack which are expected to influence on the index. The subjects of this study were 165 parents of the children who visited a pediatric dental hospital located in Gyeong-gi do from Jun. 15th to Sep. 26th, 2009, and the self-report questionnaire survey was performed. Methods : A questionnaire used in a previous study was revised and completed for this study and it consisted of 15 items on general characteristic, nine items on dietary habit, and five items on snack intake habit. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS program and findings are as follows Results : 1. The index of dental caries in primary teeth by ages was that children of four years old has 4~5 with 27.5%, children of five years old has 2~3 and 4~5 with 33.3% and children of six years old has 1 and 8~9 with 25.6%, showing a statistically significant(${\chi}^2$=37.72, p<.01). 2. The frequency of brushing teeth was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=61.20, p<.001). 3. The frequency of taking snack was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=51.42, p<.001). 4. The desirability of dietary habit was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=36.51, p<.001). 5. The frequency of taking biscuit was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=67.74, p<.001). 6. The frequency of taking bread was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=29.63, p<.01). 7. The frequency of taking caramel and candy was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=38.85, p<.001). 8. The frequency of taking soft drinks was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=52.92, p<.001). 9. The frequency of taking ice-creams was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=75.07, p<.001). Conclusions : Those findings show that the children with undesirable dietary habit and higher frequency of taking snack have higher index of dental caries in primary teeth, therefore, it is considered that the regular brushing teeth and establishment of desirable dietary habit are very important for keeping health oral cavity. It is recommended that the continuous concern and repeated learning are needed in house and group of rearing infants so that the children take foods of fruits which have function of self-purification than the food of carbohydrates which has high adhesion and level of sweetness.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was to examine the association of sugar-containing snacking habits with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Methods: This study was conducted on 2,807 adults who answered both oral examination and food intake frequency survey in the data of 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The intake frequency of sugary snacks was selected from 17 kind of snacks, which had high sugar content and could affect oral disease. We used the complex sample logistic regression using SPSS 23.0 confirmed the correlation of sugary snack intake frequency and oral diseases. Results: 16.9% of all adults had a sugary snack at least three times a day. 20.7% of dental caries patients and 25.8% of people with periodontal diseases consumed sugary snacks more than three times a day. Especially, periodontal diseases were 1.51 times higher(p=0.008) in three or more consuming snacks group than that who ingested sugary snacks less than six times a week, by correcting the general characteristics and oral health behaviors. Conclusions: Oral health in adults affects oral health in old age, so from a public health perspective, integrated intervention is required to manage the self-cultivation health and to create correct eating habits.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.563-576
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate night-time eating habits, and dietary habit and nutrient intake of university students in a particular area of Chungnam. We surveyed night-time eating status, frequency, and preference for eating foods at night in 458 university students. We divided the subjects into two groups according to their night-time eating habits and gender and compared dietary behavior, lifestyle, and nutrient intake between the groups. In total, 77.1% of the students ate a night-time snack. The major reason why they ate a night-time snack was hunger. The cost of the night-time snacks was 3,000~10,000 won and they ate mostly with their friends. The order of frequent night-time eating foods was beverage, milk and its products, snacks, flour foods, and fruits. The subjects with a night-time eating habit skipped breakfast, went to bed late, and drank alcohol more than subjects without a night-time eating habit. Total and animal fat intake of subjects with a night-time eating habit in both men and women were significantly higher than subjects without a night-time eating habit. In conclusion, night-time eating by university students may be a bad habit from the viewpoint of skipping breakfast, drinking alcohol, and eating a high fat diet. Therefore, in support of proper dietary management, it is necessary to form positive dietary habits, including night-time eating.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2017

본 연구는 제주시 지역 일부 초등학교 4 5학년 비만아동 117명 (남자 70명, 여자 47명)과 정상체중아동 117명 (남자 70명, 여자 47명)을 대상으로 일반사항, 체중감량 관련 식행동, 간식 식습관을 조사하였으며, 더불어 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 식이섭취실태를 파악함으로써 초등학교 고학년 학생들의 간식섭취 및 균형 잡힌 영양소섭취를 위한 교육자료 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였으며, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 평균 신장, 체중 및 비만도는 각각 정상체중아동은 143.8 cm, 38.5 kg, -0.42%이며 비만아동은 147.5 cm, 56.6 kg, 35.4%로 모두 체중군에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 체중군별 열량 섭취량은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 하지만 조사대상자의 체중감량 관련 식행동에서 식사량 감소 경험 유무와 살찌는 음식임을 고려하여 섭취하는 비율은 체중군별 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 조사대상자의 총 열량 섭취 열량은 아침, 점심, 저녁, 간식이 각각 289.8 kcal, 569.0 kcal, 499.2 kcal, 325.1 kcal로, 끼니별 열량 섭취 비율은 17.2%, 33.8%, 29.7%, 19.3%로 나타났다. 특히 간식으로 섭취하는 열량은 체중군별 유의적 차이는 없었으나, 특정 간식 음식을 섭취한 아동만을 대상으로 분석하였을 때, 비만군이 정상체중군에 비해 사탕 초콜릿류를 유의적으로 더 많이 섭취하고 있었다. 성별과 체중군별로 간식을 섭취하는 이유로는 공통적으로 '배가 고파서'가 64.1%, '심심해서'는 12% 순으로 나타났다. 간식 섭취 횟수에서 일반 간식의 경우 정상체중군 (2.1회/주)이 비만군 (1.6회/주)보다 자주 섭취하는 것으로 나타났고, 학교나 학원 주변에서 섭취하는 간식의 경우에는 체중군별 차이 (1회/주)가 없었다. 일반 간식과 학교나 학원 주변 간식을 합한 총간식의 섭취 횟수는 정상체중군은 3.1회/주, 비만군은 2.6회/주로 나타났다. 일반 간식에서 자주 먹는 간식 음식은 과일 과일주스, 과자 사탕 초콜릿, 우유 요구르트 순으로 높게 나타났고, 학교나 학원 주변 간식에서는 김밥 삼각김밥 떡볶이 순대, 아이스크림, 과자 사탕 초콜릿의 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 체중군별 간식 선택 음식의 종류에는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 하지만 간식음식을 저열량 고영양 간식과 고열량 저영양 간식으로 구분하고, 간식 음식선택 여부와 섭취 횟수를 고려한 섭취 수준으로 비교하였을 때에는 비만군이 정상체중군보다 저열량 고영양 간식의 섭취수준이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 본 제주의 일부 초등학교 5, 6학년 학생들은 체중군별로 비만군이 정상체중군에 비해 체중 감량을 위해 더 노력하지만, 비만군이 정상체중군보다 저열량 고영양 간식을 유의적으로 낮게 섭취하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 고열량 저영양의 부적절한 종류의 간식음식의 섭취는 하루 세끼 식사에 영향을 미치고, 영양 불균형을 초래할 수 있으므로 비만군 뿐만 아니라 정상체중군에서도 올바른 간식 선택 및 식행동 개선을 위한 영양교육이 필요하다고 사료된다. 균형 잡힌 하루 세끼 식사를 충분히 섭취한 후, 부족한 부분을 간식으로 보충할 수 있도록 영양적인 측면과 관련지어 간식 섭취에 대한 적절한 교육이 학교에서 뿐만 아니라 가정연계를 통해 체계적으로 전개되어야 하겠다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.47-59
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the dietary habits, snacks, and self-purchasing snacks (SPS) intake behaviors of 519 elementary school students (boys=239, girls=280). Obesity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in boys (24.8%) than in girls (14.7%) and the proportion of underweight subjects was higher compared to normal or other weight groups for both the boys and the girls. There were 7.5% of the subjects in the group that always skipped breakfast, and the main reason of skipping breakfast was insufficient time (51.9%). The snack intake frequency was once or twice per week for 23.1% of the subjects and three or four times per week for 25.1%. The SPS intake frequency was the subjects zero for 35.6% of the highest level of the responders, while 6.8% of the respondents took more than once SPS per day. 59.6% of the respondents consumed SPS due to hunger while 15.0% consumed SPS out of boredom. The SPS was purchased from supermarkets in 34.5% of the cases, from convenience stores in 24.1% and from snack corners in 20.0% of cases or from a store near school in 14.5% of the cases. Analysis of SPS behaviors according to obesity index showed that parent's opinion of 'permission to buy SPS as needed' had a significant effect in 64.5% over weight subjects compared to only 53.7% in underweight groups. The subjects who used more than 3/4 of their pocket money to buy SPS was higher in the overweight groups (16.4%) than in the underweight groups (7.0%) and normal weight groups (9.8%). The favorite snacks and SPS were milk and yogurt for 45.7% of the subjects, fruits for 42.7%, ice cream for 26.4%, fruit juices for 23.8%, sweet stuff for 16.4%, frozen dessert for 8.9%, and chocolate or candy for 8.1% in descending order. The intake frequency of milk, yogurt, and fruit juices was higher in the underweight groups, but the intake frequency of sweet stuff, frozen dessert, and chocolate or candy was higher in over weight groups. The intake of frozen dessert was more than four times higher in the overweight groups than in the underweight groups. In conclusion, dietary habits, snacks, and SPS intake behaviors were similar between the boys and the girls and obesity groups, but most students appeared to have a high preference for intake snacks and SPS. Therefore, education for appropriate snacks intake habits will be beneficial for improving their dietary habits and health.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.112-124
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• 2018

Despite the rapid increase in the number of foreign students, there has been a lack of research to help them adapt to Korean food culture and develop healthy eating habits. This study examined the dietary habits and problems of foreign students studying in universities of Korea. Although 97.0% of the 604 people surveyed live in dormitories, the visiting rate of the school cafeteria was low. In addition, only 30.2% of them ate three meals a day, and the frequency of eating midnight snack and convenience store foods was high. International students were positive about experiencing new Korean food, but food satisfaction in Korea was not high because of the difficulties in food selection due to religious problems and maladjustment to Korean sauces and seasonings. Information on Korean eating habits was obtained mainly from other foreign students from the same country (49.5%) and the Internet (33.8%), and there was very little interaction with Korean students at meals. The ratio of subjects who ate halal foods was 33.3%, and they were shown to have difficulty obtaining halal foods in Korea. Therefore, based on the results of this study, a support program should be developed in order to improve the dietary habits of international students.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.442-456
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate eating habits and dormitory foodservices' satisfaction in university students using dormitory foodservice in the Jeollabuk-do Iksan area. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 195 students (86 male, 109 female). Many students (58.5%) ate less than two meals per day and spent around 30 min eating meals. The results show that snack and midnight meals were the main reasons (37.9%) for unhealthy eating habits. Main source of nutritional knowledge and information were TV and the Internet (58.5%), followed by friends and people (25.1%), nutrition books (10.3%), elective courses (4.6%), and newspapers and magazines (1.5%). Men had significantly higher satisfaction scores for nutrition, taste, diversity of menu, as well as hygiene of dormitory food court compared to women (p<0.05). Salty taste was the most important factor in evaluation of taste satisfaction, whereas sour taste was opposite. The reason for taste dissatisfaction in the dormitory food court was not salty enough, and it may be related with their eating habits. The results show that students need education for adequate knowledge and information about the relationship between health and nutrition.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.1132-1146
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the eating habits and dietary consciousness of urban residents according to socioeconomic characteristics. The survey was administered by the nationwide 690 adults in February 2001. The survey was conducted by a questionnaire that was composed of 20 items. The results of this study show that 56.8% of the subjects had breakfast everyday and majority of them ate cooked rice (57.4%) or rice with mixed grain and bean (33.0%) as stable food for breakfast. 73.6% of the subjects ate out less than 5 times a month and, most of them preferred Korean dishes to Western dishes. The majority of the subjects had a meal regularly and they ate dinner abundantly with gusto compared to breakfast and lunch. Mean values of preference (5 point scales) for snack, salty and hot taste, and processed food were 3.07±0.89, 2.75±0.83, 3.28±0.90, 2.69±0.84 respectively. Interest (4 point scales) in eating safe and fresh food, balanced diet, and overeating calorieㆍsugarㆍsaltㆍfat were 3.26±0.66, 2.83±0.70, 2.89±0.75, respectively. As the purpose of eating, 44.8% of the subjects placed emphasis to supply nutrition but 16.6% put emphasis on physiologic desire. About half of the subjects needed to change their own eating habits. As improvement of their eating habits, the majority of them answered ‘balanced diet’. There were significant differences in eating habits and dietary consciousness of the subjects by socioeconomic characteristics. As the age goes down and education level goes up, they had wrong eating habits generally. For occupation, housewives had right eating habits but students were not. For interest in food and nutrition, male, 20' age-group, students and over college graduation group were worse than the other groups within each socioeconomic characteristic. Consequently, nutrition education for them is needed preferentially, also their socioeconomic characteristics must be considered in nutrition education.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.338-350
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to analyze nutrition-related problems and to develop the nutrition education programs for high school students A survey was conducted with 500 students in the second grade level at high schools in Daegu who differed in socio-economic characteristics. In addition, body composition analysis was accomplished by the Inbody 3.0. The developed questionnaires were distributed and 481 questionnaires were collected with a 96.2% of response rate. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS WIN(ver.12.0) for descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, t-tests and $X^2$-tests. We first analyzed students' problems related to nutrition and environmental factors. In a question addressing skipping breakfast, only 11.5% answered they "do not eat" breakfast. In regards to BMI, the male students' degree of obesity was higher. Second, we analyzed living environments, which greatly influence dietary behavior. For the snacks-related categories, most of the students liked bread, cake and other snacks. When they chose the snacks, they mainly considered taste. There were significant difference among the males and females(p<.01) in terms of snacks intake habits, where 43.1 % of the males answered they snack "occasionally" and 43.4% of the females answered they snack "according to how they feel". In the case of beverages, the males consumed significantly more(p<.001). Based on their regional groups, the area A group preferred milk and milk products, and the area B group preferred soft drinks. As for the time of beverage intake, 77.6% of the females answered "with snacks", which was significantly higher than 61.4% of the males(p<.001), 12.2% of the males drank beverages after exercise. For late snacking, 68.0% of the male students and 71.1 % of the female students consumed late snacks. Most of them preferred bread, cake and other snacks. The reasons for taking a late snack were "when I feel hungry" by 61.8% of the males which was higher than the females(p<.001), 23.6% of the females consumed late snacks "impulsively". Ideally, in order to improve the food habits of high school students effective and practical nutrition education programs that consider gender and regional school group, should be carried out.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2009

Effective parenting attitudes have been known to be associated with children's health practices including dietary intake and physical activity. The objective of this study is to compare children's body weights and eating habits by maternal parenting attitudes. Data were collected at school (N = 396; 4th and 5th grade students) using self-administered questionnaires on maternal parenting attitudes, eating habits and physical activity. Parenting attitudes were categorized as 1 of 4 parenting attitudes (overprotective, authoritarian, democratic, and neglectful) using affection and control median cut points. Children's body weights, frequency of breakfast, eating out and fastfood, and physical activity were compared by maternal parenting attitudes. Children's body weights were related with mother's employment status (p < 0.05) and parenting attitudes (p < 0.01). Children of unemployed mothers were more likely to be overweight. Children of neglectful mothers (p < 0.01) were more likely to be underweight, compared with children of mothers with other parenting attitudes. Since, unfortunately, the number of children of neglectful mothers was very limited in this study, we could hardly assess eating habits of children of neglectful mothers. Children of authoritarian mothers ate breakfast more regularly (p < 0.05), but ate snacks less regularly (p < 0.01). Children of democratic mothers ate fastfood less frequently (p < 0.01) and ate snacks more regularly (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, children of overprotective mothers ate breakfast less regularly (p < 0.05) and ate out less frequently (p < 0.01). However, maternal parenting attitudes were not related to children's physical activities. In conclusion, the maternal democratic parenting attitude was associated with healthy eating habits including regular snack time and less fastfood. On the other hand, the maternal neglectful parenting attitude was associated with high risk of children's underweight. Understanding the mechanism through which parenting attitude is related with underweight risk and healthy eating habits may lead to the development of better interventions.