• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.45-61
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• 2007

Objectives: This study was to get database of health service for smoking preventing through investigating the smoking status of students and the knowledge, attitude on smoking. Methods: The subjects were consisted of 463 students who were currently enrolled in 1, 2 and 3 grade of 6 high schools located in Ulsan-city. The instruments for this study were smoking knowledge and smoking attitude questionnaire(each 20 items) developed by WHO. Results: Among the students 25.8% answered they had the experience of smoking. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to opposite sex friends. Student's knowledge level about smoking prevention is high score to mean get obtain 0.65 out of 1. Smoking prevention knowledge level related to highest score(0.82) were have affect on pregnancy and an unborn child. Smoking prevention knowledge level related to low score(0.19) were get rid of stress. Therefore smoking prevention knowledge high level is non smoker rather than smoker. Student's attitude level about smoking prevention is high score to mean get obtain 2.0 out of 3. Smoking prevention attitude level related to highest score(2.5) were no smoking allowed public area and put a stop smoking to friends. Therefore smoking prevention attitude high level is non smoker rather than smoker. Conclusion: It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade student and sustaining teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-205
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• 2003

The purpose： This study was to get database of health service for smoking prevention through investigating the state of the students' experience, knowledge and attitude on smoking. Method： The subjects were cosisted of 545 students who were currently enrolled in 3, 4, 5 and 6th grade of 4 primary school in J community. The instruments for this study were Smoking Knowledge and Smoking Attitude questionaire (40 items) developed by WHO(l982). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOY A and Chi- square test with SAS program were used to analyze the data. Result： Among the students 10.8％ answered they had the experience of smoking, while 0.5％ said they are current smokers. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to sex, grade and received or not received of smoking exhort. With regard to smokers smoking behavior, first beginning time of smoking was most by 29.8％ preschooler and the first motive of smoking was most by 80.8％ curiosity. The main smoking area is most by 31.1 ％ own house or friend's house. The main purchase route of tobacco appeared by thing which house(father or brother's tobacco) most by 34.9％. Smoking period was most less than 1 day and smoking frequency was most stops while bum sometimes. The amount for a day was less than one cigarette. Smoking time was appeared highest when curiosity occurs. Students' knowledge level about smoking prevention is high comparatively to mean 15.44(±2.66). Smoking prevention knowledge level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to the grade, academic score and learned or not of smoking prevention. Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention knowledge level is high in students who results high grade, high academic score level and learned of smoking prevention. Students' attitude level about smoking prevention was high level to mean 55.90(±3.58). Smoking prevention attitude level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to academy score and received or not of smoking exhort(t＝2.33, p＝.020). Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention attitude level is high in students who result high academic score level and received of smoking exhort group. Conclusion： It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade students and teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of self-efficacy promotion of the smoking cessation program on the amount of smoking, carbon monoxide level, urine cotinine level and the smoking cessation self-efficacy of adolescent smokers. Methods: The subjects composed of 24 for the experimental group and 28 for the control group who were smoking adolescents at the Middle School in G city. The data collection was done from October 13 to November 18, 2010. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. This program was composed on the basis of Shin (1997)'s Self-Efficacy Promoting Program. The self-efficacy promotion smoking cessation program was conducted for 2 hours per week, and lasted for 6 weeks on the experimental group. The control group had a general smoking program. Data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. T-test was used to analyze outcome measures. Results: The amount of smoking, CO level, urine cotinine level, and self efficacy level of the experimental group was significantly improved more than that of the control group after intervention. Conclusion: Therefore, self-efficacy promotion smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers can be recommended for smoking cessation of adolescents.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-35
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• 2008

Purpose: The study were to identify smoking knowledge, attitude on smoking and experience of smoking cessation in male smokers. Methods: The subjects were 174 male smoker in Seoul and Inchun. The data were collected using structured questionnaires from 18th of December in 2007 to 16th of March in 2008. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS computer program. The tools were used with smoking knowledge, smoking attitude and experience of smoking cessation. Result: Participants showed that a high level of smoking knowledge score 48.20 (${\pm}5.27$) of total 57. Participants showed that a high level of score 40.80 (${\pm}6.81$) of total 60. There was a positive correlation between smoking attitude and smoking knowledge (r=.319 p=.000). Conclusion: These results suggested that the level of smoking knowledge was related to the level of smoking attitude. Therefore, these finding give useful information for constructing a smoking cessation program in male smokers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physical activity on smoking experience and smoking intensity in Korean high school students. Methods: This cross sectional study used secondary data from the 2013 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. A total of 35,905 high school students were included in the study. Logistic regression was used for analysis of the influence of moderate and vigorous physical activity on smoking experience in a month and smoking intensity. Results: Adolescents with low (Adjusted OR: 1.242, 95% CI: 1.075~1.436) and moderate level (Adjusted OR: 1.094, 95% CI: 1.005~1.189) of moderate physical activity had more smoking experience than reference group, high level of physical activity. Also, smoking experience was more prevalent adolescents with low (Adjusted OR: 1.191, 95% CI: 1.064~1.333) and moderate level (Adjusted OR: 1.134, 95% CI: 1.039~1.237) of vigorous physical activity. Heavy smoking was more prevalent among adolescents who had low level of vigorous physical activity (Adjusted OR: 1.912, 95% CI: 1.347~2.712). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, physical activity has significant influence on smoking experience and smoking intensity. Therefore, physical activity should be included smoking cessation and smoking prevention program for High School Students.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.517-526
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find taxi drivers' smoking behavior, self-efficacy and expectation level of success in smoking cessation. It will provide useful information for developing nursing interventions in health promotion programs. Method: The subjects of this study were 271 taxi drivers in Seoul and its metropolitan area. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire asking smoking history, smoking behaviors, health problem, stages of change for smoking cessation, self-efficacy and the expectation level of success in smoking cessation. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Pearson's correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Cronbach's a. Results: Of the taxi drivers, 83.8% were current smokers. Stages of change were as follows: 45.8% were in the precontemplation stage, 26.2% in the contemplation stage, 13.7% in the maintenance stage, 12.2% in the preparation stage and 1.5% in the action stage. In addition. 20.3% of the subjects reported health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus and respiratory disease. The expectation level of success in smoking cessation was positively related with self-efficacy. There were statistically significant differences in the expectation level of success in smoking cessation according to the number of cigarettes per day and nicotine dependency. In addition. there were statistically significant differences in self-efficacy according to the number of cigarettes per day, duration of smoking (years) and nicotine dependency. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that taxi drivers' health problems and smoking rate were serious. Therefore more systematic health promotion programs for smoking cessation should be developed and executed by health care specialists at individual taxi companies.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-113
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• 1999

To investigate the actual condition of the adult-smoking in Chinan County. I used self-reporting questionnaires among 923 residents living in nine districts selected at random among the sites of eleven eup-myons from December 28. 1998 to January 6. 1999. collected data and analyized using SPSS. The smoking rate of adults in Chinan County was $36.9\%$. There was a significant difference in smoking rate according to the age. gender, education and job among general characteristics. The smoking rate in group of above 40s was about $40\%$ and that of the male took $55.5\%$ which was higher than that of female and the smoking rate of the people having high-school education was the highest$(46.2\%)$. With regard to the career. the smoking rate of the farmers ranked first$(46.1\%)$. Therefore anti-smoking business for smokers should be focused on above 40 years old, males. people having high school education and farmers. As the result of the survey of smoking habits of 340 people who smoke currently, the average smoking begining age was 21.8 and $81.5\%$ among them was between 16-25 years old. $4.4\%$ was under 15. during around the elementary school. Most motives to smoke were as followed; curiosity or taste$(33.6\%)$, relief of stress $(31.2\%)$, peer presure$(26.5\%)$ And considering the amount of the cigarette which is smoked per day, the case which is less than a pack of cigarettes was highest as $75.5\%$ and the people who smoke over one pack of cigarettes took $24.5\%$. As for the kind of tobacco which is smoked, how to smoke and the desire for the smoking, most case was toxin was moderate$(47.8\%)$ or mild$(46.9\%)$. shallowly$(49.0\%)$ or deeply$(46.3\%)$ and under stress$(33.4\%)$. after meals$(27.8\%)$, during drink$(15.7\%)$ and so on. The highest point marked among the factors of smoking motives was 'the reduce of negative emotion' $(3.27\pm1.00)$. followed by 'uncomfortable habits' $(2.87\pm1.02)$, 'addiction' $(2.84\pm1.06)$. 'habit' $(2.74\pm1.12)$. 'pleasure' $(2.70\pm1.04)$. 'stimulus' $(2.59\pm.90)$, 'sensation-exercise satisfaction' $(2.42\pm.97)$. Smokers smoke to reduce the negative emotions when angry in most common case. depressed. anxious. uncomfortable. lone. ashamed or embarrased. and intend to solve the certain problem. etc. Other motives are uncomfortable habit. addiction. habit. pleasure and the pursuit of stimulus. The level of nicotine dependence of adults m Chinan County was 10.57 which amount to 'high' wholly. As the resulf of the level of nicotine dependence score. the people who are low in the level of nicotine was $33.5\%$. the people who are high was $48.2\%$. very high was $18.4\%$. The approach for anti-smoking for smokers should be conducted differently according to the level of the nicotine. For the people who are in low level of nicotin dependence the prohibition of the smoking should be guided through the approach to foster strong will. for those who are in 'high' by acquiring proper method for the prohibition of smoking. and for those who are 'very high' the anti-smoking should be induced by providing proper program because of the possibility of the suffer from abstinence syndrome. The difference of the level of nicotine with the general characteristics of the objects had not statistically significant difference. The difference of the level of nicotine dependence accompanied by smoking habit had statistically significant difference according to the amount of smoke, the kind of tobacos. smoke inhale habit. In other words, the group of heavy smokers had higher level of the nicotine dependence than that of the light smokers relatively and the group which smoke strong taboaco has higher level of nicotine than that of which smoke mild or moderate. And the group of smokers who smoke deeply has higher level of nicotine than that who smoke shallowly or nonswallow. Aa a result of the analysis of the correlation between smoking motive factors and the level of nicotine, there was the indication that people who smoke for the decrease of the negative emotion. habit, pleasure. stimulus. sensation-exercise satisfaction had high level of the nicotine dependence. As the result of the anti-smoking will of smokers. $65.0\%$ of them had prohibition of smoking will. $29.3\%$ had no will to quit smoke. The most important reason for anti-smoking was health. $67.9\%$ had experience to try to quit smoke and the biggest reason to fail to quit smoking was the lack of the will power to keep anti-smoking. $52.8\%$ of them were advised to stop smoking from their spouses or children. only $2.8\%$ were by medical. The people who have the opinion to need anti-smoking education were $69.6\%$. Therefore when the business for the hygine of the mouth for adult is set. it should be centered on the people who have intention of prohibition of the smoking and help to quit smoking by way of other affirmative counter-program not smoking under stress.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.289-296
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was examine the relationship between smoking, general characteristics, and serum lipids in the normal adult. The subjects consist of 6,800 persons (male ; 4,309(63.4%), female ; 2,491(36.6%)) in A hospital in Kyungki-Do. The collected data were analyzed using T-test, and Multiple Regression by SPSS/WIN program. The result were following ; 1. Cigarette smoking was associated with decreased serum HDL cholesterol level (p<.001). 2. Serum LDL cholesterol level was not statistically correlated with smoking tend to level by 5.77mg/dl respectively. 3. Cigarette smoking was associated with elevated serum Triglyceride level (p<.001). 4. By using regression, HDL cholesterol level was negatively correlated with obesity and alcohol.. HDL cholesterol level was positively correlated with exercise. LDL cholesterol level was positively correlated with diet and obesity.　Triglyceride level was positively correlated with obesity and　alcohol. In conclusion, Smoking was the most correlated with Triglyceride among the serum lipid and Serum lipid was the most correlated with obesity. Thus, it is necessary to quit smoke and weight control for prevention from disease such as coronary heart disease and lung cancer.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2010

Objectives: To obtain a more intensive understanding smoking behaviors of young adolescent in the contexts of schools which they attend, this study examined the effects of individual and school level factors divided into psychological and social factors respectively. Methods: Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to test the effects of school smoking rates on 1 year smoking experience of individual pupils in a sample of 3,449 students from 100 middle schools in Korea. Results: The results of multilevel analysis revealed the importance of social factors in three environments. Especially the social factors in school level, which were sense of school membership and school smoking rate, explained the variances between groups dropping the school effect from 0.194 to 0.046. Conclusion: This study suggests that adolescents' smoking behaviors are related to the multi dimensional and multi level factors. To reduce young adults' smoking rate, school level intervention should not be ignored.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.266-272
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between age at cigarette smoking initiation and smoking level among adolescent current smokers. Methods: In 2007, students from one or two classes of the 10th or 11th grade were randomly selected using the probability proportional to size sampling method. In total, 743 current smokers were included. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between age at smoking initiation and smoking level as either frequent, daily, or heavy smokers. Results: The adjusted odds ratios for each smoking level were significantly higher for younger ages of smoking initiation than those for older ages of initiation were (p for trend <0.001). Compared with the students who started smoking in grades 10 to 11, the adjusted odds ratios for frequent, daily, and heavy smokers increased from 2.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30 to 3.87) to 3.90 (95% CI, 2.02 to 7.56), from 1.56 (95% CI, 0.92 to 2.62) to 3.17 (95% CI, 1.70 to 5.92), and from 2.56 (95% CI, 1.21 to 5.42) to 5.67 (95% CI, 2.61 to 12.30) with younger ages of smoking initiation. Conclusions: Smoking frequency and amount were closely associated with age at smoking initiation. Therefore, smoking prevention programs should be initiated from the young adolescent period.