• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2024

Purpose : Smoking is a major factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the effect of electrical cigarette smoking on COPD development is still uncertain. This study aimed to compare the functions of airways and lungs exposed to combustible cigarettes and electrical cigarettes based on the pulmonary function test (PFT) results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods : This study used data from 8,942 participants with PFT results out of 47,309 total subjects from the 6th to 8th Korean NHANES (2014-2015, 2016-2018, and 2019, respectively). Individuals with diseases such as cancer, ex-smokers, and dual tobacco users were excluded. The PFT results were analyzed according to the COPD diagnostic criteria. After adjusting for confounding variables, a complex sample generalized linear model ANOVA test was performed to investigate the association between PFT results and combustible smoker or electrical cigarette user groups. Results : In an analysis based on the obstructive ventilatory disorders (forced expiratory volume in 1 second[FEV₁]/forced vital capacity[FVC]<.7), combustible cigarette smokers showed a 3.46 times higher risk of COPD compared to non-smokers, while electrical cigarette smokers exhibited no significant difference in terms of COPD-related risks compared to non-smokers. FEV₁ showed a negative relation with combustible cigarette smokers as reported elsewhere (B=-.07, p<.001). FEV₁/FVC was negatively related to both combustible cigarette smokers (B=-.03, p<.001) and electrical cigarette smokers (B=-.02, p<.001). Conclusion : FEV₁/FVC decreases were observed in the long-term exposure to both combustible and electrical cigarettes. The lower FEV₁ in the combustible cigarette group implies the worsening of the severity of COPD, suggesting more damage to the airways and lungs in the short term. Therefore, the temporary electrical cigarettes use for the transition period in order to smoking cessation potentially aids to reduce the harmful effect of combustible cigarettes in COPD development.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.605-625
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• 2017

This paper presents proportional odds cure models to allow spatial correlations by including spatial frailty in the interval censored data setting. Parametric cure rate models with independent and dependent spatial frailties are proposed and compared. Our approach enables different underlying activation mechanisms that lead to the event of interest; in addition, the number of competing causes which may be responsible for the occurrence of the event of interest follows a Geometric distribution. Markov chain Monte Carlo method is used in a Bayesian framework for inferential purposes. For model comparison some Bayesian criteria were used. An influence diagnostic analysis was conducted to detect possible influential or extreme observations that may cause distortions on the results of the analysis. Finally, the proposed models are applied for the analysis of a real data set on smoking cessation. The results of the application show that the parametric cure model with frailties under the first activation scheme has better findings.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.631-641
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the prevalence of periodontal disease, with a focus on employment status, in a representative sample of Korean adults aged 19-39 years. Methods: Data were obtained from 3,178 adults who completed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, health-related questionnaires, and an oral examination. Socioeconomic, demographic, and oral health-related behavior data were adopted as independent variables. The chi-square test was used to assess differences in the distribution of socioeconomic status, oral health behavior, and nutrition factors according to employment status. Logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the relationships between the prevalence of periodontitis and the related variables. Results: Significant differences in sex, educational level, income, marital status, smoking status, prevalence of periodontitis, number of dental check-ups in a year, and unmet dental care were confirmed according to employment status. The prevalence of periodontal disease was not significantly related to employment status. Conclusions: These results suggest a significant difference in periodontal disease according to socioeconomic factors in Korean adults. However, the prevalence of periodontal disease was not related to employment status. To prevent the progression of periodontal disease, attention should be paid to oral health, time available for dental treatment, smoking cessation, and use of floss.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.660-673
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to understand the degree of early recognition of myocardial infarction in adult smokers and to analyze factors related to cognition. In a descriptive survey using raw data from the 2021 Community Health Survey, 210,899 out of 229,942 people who completed the survey, excluding 18,343 subjects with insufficient responses, were selected as study subjects. Age, marital status, education level, smoking cessation plan, health examination_cancer examination, diabetes diagnosis, subjective health level, and social physical environment were significantly related to early symptoms of myocardial infarction. Based on the results of the study, active promotion and education for high-risk groups with a high risk of developing myocardial infarction are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2024

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and risk factors for diseases in adults over 40 years of age in Korea, and to provide basic data for the prevention of COPD incidence through management. METHODS: Based on the 2019 data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 1,788 adults over the age of 40 who participated in pulmonary function test and health survey were selected as subjects. COPD incidence risk factors were analyzed using complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: As a result of the analysis, the incidence of COPD in Korea was 11.5%, and the risk of developing COPD was higher in men, age, and current smokers. Compared to women, men had an increased risk of developing COPD by 2.369 times (95% CI 1.289-4.355). In age, the risk of COPD incidence increased by 3.702-fold (95% CI 1.923-7.124) in their 50s, 11.238-fold (95% CI 6.009-21.017) in their 60s, and 28.320-fold (95% CI 14.328-55.977) in their 70s compared to those in their 40s. In the smoking state, 2.302 times (95% CI 1.373-3.860) of past smokers and 4.542 times (95% CI 2.694-7.658) of current smokers were found to have a higher risk of developing COPD than non-smokers. CONCLUSION: To reduce the incidence of COPD, interventions are required to prevent disease development through lifestyle and smoking cessation education in subjects with COPD risk factors.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this study was to increase knowledge regarding the dangers associated with tobacco use, and decrease secondhand smoke exposure and tobacco use behaviors with an antitobacco messaging campaign among rural, medically underserved, blue-collar workers. Methods: A quasiexperimental study was conducted with employees at two worksites. One worksite received the intervention, which consisted of nine different antitobacco messages. Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted at each worksite to assess change in knowledge and behavior; the data were compared across the two worksites. Results: Two hundred twenty-two and 243 participants completed baseline and follow-up surveys at the intervention and comparison sites, respectively. A statistically significant difference was seen over time between the worksites on knowledge of the dangers of tobacco (p < 0.0001); the mean knowledge score increased at the intervention site, but remained unchanged at the comparison site. In general, non-smokers at both worksites appeared to try to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke over the follow-up period. Repeated measures analysis indicated that there were no differences in motivation to quit (p = 0.81), interest in quitting (p = 0.40), thinking about quitting (p = 0.53), or several tobacco-use behaviors over time among smokers at the intervention and comparison worksites. There were slight increases over time in the proportion of smokers who do not allow smoking in their homes/vehicles at the intervention worksite, although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Participants at the intervention worksite increased their knowledge regarding the dangers of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure. Among current tobacco users, the intervention appeared to increase family rules regarding secondhand smoke exposure in their homes and vehicles.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5959-5963
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• 2012

Background: The term 'hardcore' has been applied to use of smoking tobacco and generally referred to as the inability or unwillingness of regular smokers to quit. The component constructs of hardcore except nicotine dependence are product neutral. With the use of 'time to first chew' as a measure of nicotine dependence, hardcore definition can be extended to characterize smokeless tobacco users. Hardcore users respond less to tobacco cessation interventions, and are prone to tobacco induced diseases including cancer. Thus identifying hardcore users would help in estimate the burden of high risk population for tobacco induced diseases. Smokeless tobacco use is predominant and accounts for more than 50% of oral cancer in India. Hence, hardcore chewing information could be used for planning of tobacco and cancer control interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hardcore smokeless tobacco use in India. Materials and Methods: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)-India 2010 data were analyzed to quantify hardcore smokeless tobacco use in India with following five criteria: (1) current daily smokeless tobacco use; (2) no quit attempt in the past 12 months of survey or last quit attempt of less than 24 hours duration; (3) no intention to quit in next 12 months or not interested in quitting; (4) time to first use of smokeless tobacco product within 30 minutes of waking up; and (5) knowledge of smokeless tobacco hazards. Results: The number of hardcore smokeless tobacco users among adult Indians is estimated to be 5% (39.5 million). This group comprises 23.2% of daily smokeless tobacco users. The population prevalence varied from 1.4-9.1% across different national regions of India. Logistic regression modeling indicated age, education and employment status to be the major predictors of hardcore smokeless tobacco use in India. Conclusions: The presence of a huge number (39.5 million) of hardcore smokeless tobacco users is a challenge to tobacco control and cancer prevention in India. There is an unmet need for a universal tobacco cessation programme and intensification of anti-tobacco education in communities.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify health promotion services in rural areas and factors influencing this service. Method: From March to April, 2007, a structured questionnaire on services in 2006 was used to collect data from community health practitioners in all of the Primary Health Care Posts (PHCP) in North Chungchong Province. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 Win program. Results: The most frequently offered programs were health gymnastics, walking exercise, bathing and vaccination service, and hypertension management. The main obstacles to these health services were lack of adequate space, insufficient budget, and overwork. The most frequently offered health education programs were education on hypertension, exercise, diabetes, volunteer work, and smoking cessation. The main obstacles to health education were lack of adequate space, insufficient education materials and equipment, and lack of cooperation from the citizens. Improvement and reinforcement of health promotion programs should include support of specialist, development of appropriate methods of service delivery, and education materials, and increase ease in using community resources. Conclusions: The research results show that a new model of health promotion must be developed for efficient health promotion programs in rural PHCP.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.483-493
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine late-onset hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, depression, and quality of life among middle-aged male workers. Methods: The subjects included 343 men aged between 40 and 64, responded to self-report questionnaires on general characteristics, late-onset hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, depression, and quality of life. Data were collected from May 16, 2012 to October 9, 2012 and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, $x^2$-test, hierarchical multiple regression. Result: The prevalence rate of late-onset hypogonadism was 63.8% with high points in reduction of libido, energy, physical strength and endurance, and erectile function. There were significant differences in late-onset hypogonadism according to age($x^2$=8.98, p=.048) and in erectile dysfunction according to age(F=11.03, p<.001), monthly income(F=2.84, p=.024) and smoking( t=2.96, p=.018). Significant differences were also found in depression according to educational level(F=8.12, p<.001) and in quality of life according to monthly income(F=7.21, p<.001). The factors which influenced quality of life were late-onset hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, depression, marital status and religion. Conclusion: Symptoms of erectile dysfunction can be improved by smoking cessation education program. In order to improve the life quality of middle-aged men, nursing intervention programs that would both provide proper knowledge on climacteric syndrome and alleviate symptoms should be designed while, at the same time, other programs to evaluate, prevent and control depression are developed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

Objctives: This study purposed to examine the intention to participate in the preventive program of depression of Internet user and to offer the baseline data for development of mental health promotion program. Methods: The internet survey was performed using a self-reported questionnaire on intention to participate in the preventive program of depression, depressive symptom(with Zung's SDS) and so forth from 1,000 internet user (aged $13{\sim}49$ years) via two web sites at Feb($1st{\sim}10th$), 2006. We analyzed the intention to participate in preventive program of depression and the factors related with that intention by depressive level. Results: In the normal group, the intention to participate in a preventive program of depression was influenced significantly by counselling experience(s) on depression(p<.001), and perceived control(p<.001) over the barriers to participation in the preventive program of depression, and marginally by gender. In the depressive group, the smoking habit revealed marginal effect(p=.051) and perceived control over the barriers to participation in the preventive program of depression influenced on that intention significantly(p<.001). Conclusion: Among internet users, especially the solutions of barriers to participate in the preventive program of depression is more important at the intervention program for prevention of depression. In the normal group, we need to consider the use of messages tailored by counselling experience(s) on depression. Some intervention program dealing with two subjects, smoking cessation and prevention of depression concurrently, will be appropriate for the depressive group.