• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stresses to female university students and their habits of dealing with stresses through drinking alcohol and smoking. Methods : Subjects, 313 students, were selected through convenience sampling method from the 2 four-year universities in Chonbuk and Chonnam province from May to June, 2005. Data were collected through the structured questionnaires that include general characteristics, Quantity Frequency methods, the number of cigarette per day, campus stress scale, and stress coping style scale, and they were analyzed by Cronbach' alpha, descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test by using SPSS/PC⁺ program. Results: In this study, 80% of subjects have drunk alcohol. The mean frequency of drinking alcohol per month was 4.68 times and the mean number of alcohol consumption amount per drinking 6.16 glasses. The rate of smoking was 13.7%, and the mean number smoking cigarette per day in the previous month was 12.4. The mean score of stress was 2.20. Among 8 sub-factors of stress, study related stress scored highest among the sub-factors. The mean score of coping styles was 2.50. Among 4 coping styles, hopeful thought was mostly used. Among stresses, the concern of one's future affected her drinking habits. Faculty relationship, academic problem, and value affected smoking habits. Hopeful thought comes out to affect smoking, while drinking, perceived health status, and practice time showed no relationship with coping style. Conclusion: Based on the results, developing a life stress counseling program and effective coping program for women's university students is imperative, especially for those of who show passive attitude toward stress and solve it emotionally instead of using problem-oriented methods. Also, it will be necessary to study further nursing intervention to curb university females' drinking alcohol and smoking.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5627-5632
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• 2012

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of shisha smoking and associated factors among medical students in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Management and Science University from December 2011 until March 2012. The questionnaire consisted of five sections including socio-demographic, social environment, knowledge about shisha, psychosocial factors, and personal shisha smoking behavior. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 13). T-test was used to determine the relationships between shisha smoking and socio-demographic characteristic. Results: A total number of 300 medical students participated in this study. Mean age was $22.5{\pm}2.5$ years. The majority were female, Malay, single, from urban areas (67%, 54%, 97%, 73%; respectively). The prevalence of shisha smoking among medical students was found to be 20%. The study revealed that many students believed that shisha does not contains nicotine, carbon monoxide, does not lead to lung cancer, dental problems and does not lead to cardiovascular diseases (25%, 20.7%, 22.3%, 29%, 26.7%; respectively). Age and sex were found to be significantly associated with smoking shisha status among medical students (p=0.029, p<0.001; respectively). Furthermore, having parents, siblings and friends smokers of shisha were found to be significantly associated with shisha smoking status (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). Furthermore, family problems, problems with friends, financial problems and university life were found to significantly associated with shisha smoking status among medical students (p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, p=0.002; respectively). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of shisha smoking and a poor knowledge about its impact on health among medical students. More attention is needed to focus on medical education in this regard. The policies that are currently employed in order to reduce the cigarettes smoking should be applied to shisha smoking and shisha products.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.107-122
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• 2005

Objectives: To prevent smoking among adolescents, we should facilitate school-based smoking prevention programs and provide supports for teachers to participate actively in these programs. This study investigated Korean middle teachers' intentions, perceptions, and attitudes toward participating in smoking prevention programs. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. Our conceptual framework utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior by Fishbein and Ajzen. We conducted open-ended elicitation interviews with teachers. We developed the survey questionnaire contents with data from these interviews, and distributed the questionnaires in 2002 to 194 school teachers from four schools in Seoul and Kyounggi-Do. Teachers' beliefs(behavioral, normative & control) and intentions about participating in smoking prevention programs were measured by 7-point scales. Results: The majority of teachers surveyed reported participating in adolescents' smoking prevention programs, while only less than 10% teachers reported having educational training for such programs. Teachers' attitudes toward participating in smoking prevention programs were positive, but they did not feel strong subjective norms about participating in the programs. They reported several barriers as well as facilitating conditions in participating in those programs. In correlation analysis, teachers' subjective norms and attitudes toward participating in smoking prevention were significantly correlated with their intentions to participating in those programs. Teachers with positive perceptions about smoking prevention programs were more likely to have strong intentions to participation in them, while teachers who received educational training and instructions on how to teach in smoking prevention programs were more likely to have positive perceptions than those who did not. Conclusion: We concluded that smoking prevention programs for adolescents can be made more effective by increasing societal expectations that teachers participate in these programs, and by providing additional resources dedicated to facilitating teachers' active participation in them.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.274-283
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation education for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The Sixty subjects were assigned to either the treatment group. The treatment intervention was a onetime program during hospitalization. Data were collected during several time periods: before treatment, immediately after treatment, two weeks later, and one month after the treatment. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 14.0 program with an independent t-test, $x^2$ test, repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of knowledge and attitude. The significance was absent for the testing two weeks post group intervention and then one month later the significance was again detected in the amount of smoking and smoking behavior. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that smoking cessation education could be utilized for inpatients with percutaneous coronary intervention as nursing intervention in hospitals effectively. Further research is recommended in order to understand the change in significance in the different time periods.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to validate self-reported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. Methods : A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. Results : The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen s kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. Conclusions : The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in food and nutrient intake by smoking status among Korean. Food and nutrient intake in relation to smoking status was studied in 7,370 adults, aged 20 years and older in 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, in which 24 hour recall method was used for dietary survey. Information of subject's smoking status was collected by interview as a part of health behavior survey. Analysis of variance was used to test the differences in food and nutrition intake among subjects following after Duncan's multiple range test among four different smoking exposure categories. Food intake of male ex-smoker was the highest in most of the food groups among the four groups of daily current smoker, occasional current smoker, ex-smoker and never smoker. There was significant differences observed in food intake of sugar, fruits, beverage, seasoning by the smoking status. It had been also observed that significantly high intake of energy from carbohydrate in non smoker compare to current smoker especially in male subjects. Fiber and vitamin C intake was also higher among non-smoker (never smoker and ex-smoker) than current smoker. In general, food and nutrient intake pattern of ex-smoker resembled those of never smoker than those of current smoker. Not likely the observation from European and American studies, fat intake was not statistically different between smoker (current) and non-smoker (ex-smoker and never smoker) among Korean.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.295-301
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• 2019

This study evaluated the relationship between drinking and smoking and periodontal disease in Korean elderly people using 2013-2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey. (OR) 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.24) than the non - alcoholic and non - smoking groups. The odds ratios were significantly higher. The odds ratios of periodontal disease were significantly higher in the elderly who were drinking and smoking at the same time than those who did not drink or smoke at all. This study confirms that drinking and smoking are significantly related to periodontal disease. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen drinking and smoking cessation education to maintain oral health of the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.59-75
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the stages of change distributions for nine major health behaviors among poor children in underserved area, and to provide basic information for developing specific objectives and strategies for health education program. Methods: The health behavior data were obtained with a self-administered questionnaire and analysed for 3,081 poor children in 106 local children's centers nationwide. Stages of change classification were based on self-reported responses to five statements. The health behaviors included were balanced diet, safety behavior (helmet and protective device use while riding), regular exercise, smoking, alcohol use, drug use, sleep pattern, weight management and stress management. Results: Poor children were more likely in precontemplation and less frequently in action and maintenance stages for a safety behavior. 33.1% of respondents were precontemplators, 29.9% contemplators, and 6.5% in preparation stage. Only 4.3% and 9.6% were in action and maintenance stages, respectively. Gender differences were apparent. Boys were more likely to be precontemplators for nine health behaviors. Children from the lowest socioeconomic status and disrupted family were more likely to be in precontemplation for weight management and exercise behaviors. Children living with both parents were more likely to be in the action and maintenance stages for nine health behaviors. Stages of change for balanced diet and smoking were significantly related with those for other eight health behaviors. And the stage of exercise adoption was found to be significantly related with those for other seven health behaviors. Conclusion: Safety education must receive high priority in health education program for low income children. Balanced diet smoking cessation and regular exercise could be a possible gateway behavior toward healthier lifestyle practices.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Internet addiction and oral health behavior among university students. The results, internet addiction was found in gender and smoking, oral health behaviors were classified according grade and smoking, differences in internet addiction were found in gender and smoking, there were statistically significant differences. And in common, high was first grades, non-health related major, smokers and drinkers, male students living at home. Oral health behaviors were found to be "lying on one side when sleeping" the highest, indicating that frequent use of the Internet occurred before sleep and thus negative oral health behaviors. In addition, there was a statistically significant correlation between college students 'oral health behavior and Internet addiction. Also, university students' internet addiction was found to be an oral health behavior. As a result of the above research, it is necessary to educate and guide appropriate internet use considering the influence on university students academic performance, and to develop oral health education program to recognize the problem of internet use regulation and the oral health behavior of university students themselves.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

Purpose: Smoking cessation is strongly recommended for every smoker after ischemic stroke, but many patients fail to quit smoking. An improved smoking cessation rate has been reported with intensive behavioral therapy during hospitalization and supportive contact after discharge. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the timely interventions for smoking cessation in men with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Patients who participated in the timely interventions strategy (TI group) were compared with those who received conventional counseling (CC group). In the TI group, a certified nurse provided comprehensive education during admission and additional counseling after discharge. Outcome was measured by point smoking success rate and sustained smoking cessation rate for 12 months. Results: Participants, 157 men (86 of the TI group and 71 of the CC group), were enrolled. Mean age was $58.25{\pm}11.23$ years and mean initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was $4.68{\pm}5.46$. The TI group showed a higher point smoking success rate compared with the CC group (p=.003). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the TI group was 2.96-fold (95% CI, 1.43~6.13) more likely to sustain smoking cessation for 12 months than the CC group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that multiple interventions initiated during hospital stay and regular follow-up after discharge are more effective than conventional smoking cessation counseling in men with acute ischemic stroke.