• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

Objectives: This study focuses on the effectiveness of a five-day target youth smoking cessation program in terms of smoking behavior, psychological characteristics, physiological changes, and 1-month maintenance of non-smoking. Methods: The participants in this one-group pre-posttest study were 91 youth smokers registered to a smoking cessation school at a hospital in Seoul. Data analyses performed include descriptive statistics, x2-test, paired t-test, and ANOVA. Results: A five-day smoking cessation program significantly decreased expired carbon monoxide level, stress, and depression. In post-intervention urine test, urine cotinine was detected in 14 of 91 participants(15.4%). In a one-month follow-up telephone survey 80.2% responded maintaining non-smoking. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the effect of a five-day smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.171-182
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• 2004

Objectives： Smoking, especially among youth, has been increasing in Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of a newly developing well-designed packaged smoking prevention program (PSPP) for middle school students and to propose further ideas about the program. Methods： The subjects were middle school students enrolled in one Busan city middle school. The effects of the PSPP were evaluated through intervention and follow-up. The PSPP was executed for 10 hours during the semester of middle school freshmen by the author as a position of health teacher, from 1999. After PSPP, cognitions and experiences about smoking were assessed annually from February, 2000 to 2002 by questionnaire. The responses of the educated group and the non-educated group (enrolled in the school at 1998) were compared through chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) using SPSS program (ver 10.0). Results： In the three years' follow-up study on the students enrolled in 1999, the proportion of habitual smoking increased significantly (p＜0.001); freshmen 0.2％, sophmore 1.7％, junior 5.0％. However, these level were lower than the results of national study； freshmen 1.1 ％, sophmorer 6.3％, junior 8.5％. Also, the risk of smoking based on the response of 'smoking is hazardous to my health' increased by higher grading. In the comparison of educated and non-educated group, the proportion of the habitual smoking was significantly lower in the educated group(5.0％) than in the non-educated group(13.5％) (OR [95％CI]＝0.33 [0.20∼0.57]). The response rate of 'smoking is hazardous to my health' was higher (OR [95％CI]＝4.42 [2.52∼7.77]), and that of 'maybe smoking in the future' was lower (OR [95％CI]＝0.43 [0.31∼0.59]) in the educated group than in the non-educated group. Conclusions： Though there is not enough information and it was a relatively short evaluation period, this PSPP is considered to be effective in smoking prevention in middle school students. Interests and continuity would be emphasized for the success of smoking prevention programs for younger subjects.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.29-45
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• 2006

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the attitude toward smoking and knowledge on smoking, self-efficacy, and self-esteem among high school students, and examine the moderate effects of gender on the differences in those variables between smoking and non-smoking students. As the result of investigation, it would suggest useful information for those who want to provide interventions of smoking prevention and smoking cessation to adolescents. Methods: Participants were 1,117 high school students (511 males, 584 females), whose mean age was 16.38 (SD=.87). To identify whether participants were smoking or not, bogus-pipeline was used. The data was collected with questionnaire include Smoking Attitude Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. A Pearson chi-square test and 2-way MANOVAs were performed with SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Results: With bogus-pipeline, one hundred thirty five (26.0%) of male students and 125(21.4%) of female students reported as they were smoking, while 115(22.2%) of male students and 78(13.3%) of female students reported as they were smoking at unidentified survey which was performed one week before bogus-pipeline. Results revealed that students who smoked had more positive attitude toward smoking and more knowledge on smoking than those who didn't smoke. Difference in knowledge on smoking between smoking and non-smoking students only existed in female students. Female students who smoked had lower self-esteem than female students who didn't smoke, but this difference didn't exist in male students. Conclusion: With the results of this study, it is considered smoking rates of adolescents surveyed with unidentified self-report questionnaires as underestimated. Health practitioners might consider female smokers' attitude toward and knowledge on smoking and self-esteem, especially for high school students. Despite of limitation of this study, it might help those who want to prevent initiation of smoking and give up smoking in adolescence.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 1990

This study aims to find out the prevalence of smoking, and to analyze the effect of smoking for health status, and then to emphasize the necessity of stop smoking. The data used in this study are obtained from periodic health care programe at Health Care Center in a suburban hospital, and selected 435 males who have occupation. The independent varibles chosen for the analysis are general charactersitic variables and smoking habit. The dependent variables are designed to cover the health status of individual cases, and include blood pressure, blood cholesterol level with HDL-cholesterol and blood triglyceride level, recent symptoms and recently being managed diseases. The result of this study are summarized as follows. 1) Percentage of smoker by the age groups is highest in 4th decade, being 71.1%. The second and third ranks are 6th and 7th decades, being 53.5% and 44.4%, respectively. 2) In the view of socio-economic levels, smoking rate is higher in the groups who live at rural area and whoes occupation is labor or merchant. Smoking rate is significantly higher in the heavy drinking group. 3) Among the atherosclerotic risk factors, which include hypertension, HDL-cholesterol by total cholesterol ratio lower than 0.2 and triglyceride level higher than 200gm/dl, hypertension was not statistically associated with smoking, but others revealed statistically high association with smoking. 4) The groups who have the symptoms of severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness havepositive association with smoking. 5) The groups who have hypertension with cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal diseases showed highly significant association with non-smoking. 6) In relation of the smoking habit to the atherosclerotic risk factor index, smokers have more atherosclerotic risk factors, but that is not statistically significant. 7) In relation of the smoking habit to the recent symptom index, smokers have more symptoms than non-smokers with statistical significance. In conclusion, smokers have worse health status than non-smokers especially in the atherosclerotic risk factors such as hypertension or abnormal blood lipid status and have more symptoms such as severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness. And the campaingn against smoking should direct for the male in 4th decade because they have highest smoking rate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.4359-4366
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• 2014

Intention to smoke is a valid and reliable factor for predicting future smoking habits among adolescents. This factor, however, has received inadequate attention in Malaysia. The present paper elaborates the prevalence and factors associated with intent to initiate or to cease smoking, among adolescent nonsmokers and smokers in Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. A total of 2,300 secondary school students aged 13-16 years were selected through a two-stage stratified sampling method. A set of standardized questionnaires was used to assess the smoking behavior among adolescents and the inter-personal and intra-personal factors associated with smoking intention (intention to initiate smoking or to cease smoking). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors related to smoking intention. The prevalence of intention to smoke in the future or to cease smoking among non-smoking adolescents and current smokers were 10.7% and 61.7% respectively. Having friends who smoke, social influence, and poor knowledge about the ill effects on health due to smoking showed significant relationships with intention to smoke in the future among non-smokers. Conversely, perceived lower prevalence of smoking among peers, weak contributory social influence, and greater awareness of the ill effects of smoking are factors associated with the intention to cease smoking sometime in the future. The study found that prevalence of intention to initiate smoking is low among non-smokers while the majority of current smokers intended to cease smoking in the future. Existing anti-smoking programmes that integrate the factors that have been identified in the current study should be put in motion to reduce the prevalence of intention to initiate smoking and increase the intention to cease smoking among adolescents.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2011

Under the Enforcement Rules of the National Health Promotion Act, smoking areas in coffee shops in Korea should be divided off from other areas. The effect on indoor air quality of different division types for smoking areas was evaluated. Using real-time monitors, fine particulate matter <2.5 ${\mu}m$ in diameter ($PM_{2.5}$) concentrations were measured simultaneously in the smoking and non-smoking areas of 30 coffee shops in Seoul. Average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in smoking and non-smoking areas were 132 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and 52 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively; significantly different. Average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in non-smoking areas were 39 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the glass-wall type and 64 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the separate-floor type. These $PM_{2.5}$ levels were above the US national ambient air quality standard of 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$. Although indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels in non-smoking areas were reduced by the division, the rates of reduction were not significantly different by division type. Our results demonstrated that $PM_{2.5}$ from smoking areas can infiltrate into non-smoking areas. Therefore, a complete indoor smoking ban in coffee shops is the only way to protect customers and workers in non-smoking areas.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4245-4248
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• 2012

Background: Women make up half of the world's population, and comprise 20% of the world's one billion smokers. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of smoking among female medical students in comparison to female non-medical students, and to assess the importance of medical education and knowledge in decreasing the prevalence of smoking among female university students in Saudi Arabia. Method: We used a self-administered questionnaire to collect cross-sectional data from a randomly selected sample of 320 female students attending King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah. Medical students comprised 50% of the sample. Results: A total of 310 students (96.9%) completed and returned the questionnaire. The prevalence of smoking was higher in non-medical female students (4.2%) compared to medical female students (0.32%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking is low among female medical students compared to female non-medical students, presumably because of their awareness, level of education, and knowledge of the risks to health associated with smoking. Our study highlights the need for increased knowledge, health education, and awareness of the risks of smoking to reduce smoking among female university students.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2007

Purpose: This study evaluated a smoking education program in middle schools in Busan. School nurses and health teachers performing additional job development with a variety of human resources on smoking education for adolescents were investigated. Method: The subjects were obtained from 133 middle schools located in Busan, and data were collected from January 10, 2005 to February 19, 2005. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics, multiple response and t-test on SPSS 12.0 for Windows. Results: Schools that had school nurses undertook 67% of all smoking education programs. However, 78.3% of smoking education programs were undertaken in schools that used health teachers holding an additional job, those who had other jobs, and teachers in charge of school discipline. The health teachers holding an additional job reported that they had difficulty with smoking education due to a 'lack of professionalism' (t=-2.776, p=.006). In addition, the school nurses reported that 'they had insufficient time for non-smoking education' (t=2.440, p=.016). Conclusion: The results of this study show that school nurses should be in charge of the smoking education programs developed in the middle schools in Busan.

• The Journal of Health Technology Assessment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2018

Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the typical anti-smoking advertisement on smoking cessation intention in citizens of Ulsan Metropolitan City. Methods: A total of 700 citizens (600 adults and 100 high school student) participated in face-to-face interviews survey using paper questionnaire. Three anti-smoking advertisements were used in this study; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient video advertisement, tobacco hazard information advertisement, and COPD patient voice advertisement. Each participant randomly evaluated only one of the three non-smoking anti-smoking advertisements. Participants were asked whether they had seen or heard anti-smoking advertisements before and asked whether they understood the advertisement well. They also assessed the effectiveness of non-smokers to maintain smoking cessation and how effective it would be to help smokers quit. Results: Among the three anti-smoking advertisements, 54.8% of participants said that they watched COPD patient video advertisement before. More than 95% of participants said they can understood anti-smoking advertisements. Among the three anti-smoking advertisements, tobacco hazard information advertisement was evaluated to be most effective to maintain non-smokers' smoking cessation (234, 92.5%). Tobacco hazard information advertisement was also evaluated to be most effective to make smokers quit smoking (216, 84.7%). Conclusion: Anti-smoking advertisements have a positive effect on non-smoker's willingness to keep smoking and smokers' willingness to quit smoking. In future studies, it would be meaningful to look at the long-term effects of smoking cessation or to evaluate the effectiveness of the more various anti-smoking advertisements.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to explore the influence of combining "non-halal" labels with visual and textual warning labels on cigarette packages to induce the intention to quit smoking and boost the stop-smoking campaign. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines"non-halal" labeling on cigarette packages using an experimental method. A total of 120 smokers, aged 18-23, were chosen from among Universitas Indonesia students. Data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and T-Test. Results - The use of a "non-halal" label as a warning on cigarette packages is more effective to influence Muslim smokers to quit smoking. The results also suggest that "non-halal" labels more effectively increase intentions to quit smoking when use din combination with textual-visual labels. Conclusions - The study found that the addition of "non-halal" labels in textual or textual-visual warning labels on cigarette packages would significantly increase the intention of Moslems smokers to quit smoking. These results support previous research findings, that if cigarettes are labeled as "non-halal" (haram) products for Moslem teenagers, it will induce them to quit smoking.