• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 제36회 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.1702-1704
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• 2005

In solar power system, the height and azimuth of the sun are important parameters which control generated power magnitude. The way that controls the daily generation magnitude according to latitude and longitude and uses two axles is often used in the existing sunlight racing system now. In this two-axle sunlight track control system the self-load is concentrated on one FRAME. It is influenced of the regular load, snow load and the wind load, etc. It is difficult to set up the system in the building already built up. This research is a development about the small-scale economy track device of independent load-dispersing type solar generation system. The position track algorithm is through calculating the trail of height and azimuthal of the sun calculation to follow the sun.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Rotating systems concern with torsional vibration, and it should be considered in vibration analysis. To do this, the time-dependent torsional vibrations in a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) under the linear and harmonic external torque, are investigated in this paper. Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory is considered to demonstrate the nonlocality and constitutive relations. Hamilton's principle is established to derive the governing equation of motion and consequently related boundary conditions. An analytical method, called the Galerkin method, is utilized to discretize the driven differential equations. Linear and harmonic torsional loads, along with determined amplitude, are applied to the SWCNT as the external torques. SWCNT is considered under the clamped-clamped end supports. In free vibration, analysis of small scale effect reveals the capability of natural frequencies in different modes, and this results desirably are in coincidence with another study. The forced torsional vibration in the time domain, especially for carbon nanotubes, has not been done before in the previous works. The previous forced studies were devoted to the transverse vibrations. It should be emphasized that the dynamical analysis of torsion is novel, workable, and at the beginning of the path. The variations of nonlocal parameter, CNT's thickness, and the influence of excitation frequency on time-dependent angular displacement and nondimensional angular displacement are investigated in the context.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1136-1144
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• 1999

The collision-induced reaction of gas-phase atomic hydrogen with hydrogen atoms chemisorbed on a silicon (001)-(2×1) surface is studied by use of the classical trajectory approach. The model is based on reaction zone atoms interacting with a finite number of primary system silicon atoms, which then are coupled to the heat bath, i.e., the bulk solid phase. The potential energy of the Hads‥Hgas interaction is the primary driver of the reaction, and in all reactive collisions, there is an efficient flow of energy from this interaction to the Hads-Si bond. All reactive events occur on a subpicosecond scale, following the Eley-Rideal mechanism. These events occur in a localized region around the adatom site on the surface. The reaction probability shows the maximum near 700K as the gas temperature increases, but it is nearly independent of the surface temperature up to 700 K. Over the surface temperature range of 0-700 K and gas temperature range of 300 to 2500 K, the reaction probability lies at about 0.1. The reaction energy available for the product states is small, and most of this energy is carried away by the desorbing H2 in its translational and vibrational motions. The Langevin equation is used to consider energy exchange between the reaction zone and the bulk solid phase.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제6권5_6호
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• pp.545-559
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• 2010

This paper presents the results of a pilot study and verification of a concept of a novel methodology for damage detection and assessment of water distribution system. The unique feature of the proposed noninvasive methodology is the use of accelerometers installed on the pipe surface, instead of pressure sensors that are traditionally installed invasively. Experimental observations show that a sharp change in pressure is always accompanied by a sharp change of pipe surface acceleration at the corresponding locations along the pipe length. Therefore, water pressure-monitoring can be transformed into acceleration-monitoring of the pipe surface. The latter is a significantly more economical alternative due to the use of less expensive sensors such as MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) or other acceleration sensors. In this scenario, monitoring is made for Maximum Pipe Acceleration Gradient (MPAG) rather than Maximum Water Head Gradient (MWHG). This paper presents the results of a small-scale laboratory experiment that serves as the proof of concept of the proposed technology. The ultimate goal of this study is to improve upon the existing SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) by integrating the proposed non-invasive monitoring techniques to ultimately develop the next generation SCADA system for water distribution systems.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.229-232
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• 2016

마이크로 갭을 포함하는 테라헤르츠파 메타물질을 이용하면 공명주파수 근방의 투과 스펙트럼 변화를 관측함으로써, 높은 감도로 마이크로 크기의 곰팡이, 박테리아 등의 미생물을 검출할 수 있다. 공명주파수의 스펙트럼 변화폭은 미생물의 굴절률 및 마이크로 갭에 위치한 미생물의 개수에 크게 의존한다. 테라헤르츠 메타물질을 통해 다양한 미생물들을 검출하였으며, 또한, 세척 과정을 통해 센서의 재사용이 가능함을 보였다. 유한차분 시간영역 전산모사를 이용하여 메타물질 공명주파수의 미생물 개수 및 굴절률 의존성을 확인하고 실험결과를 검증하였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.669-682
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• 2019

Vibration mitigation of cables or hangers is one of the crucial problems for cable supported bridges. Previous research focused on the behaviors of cable with dampers or crossties, which could help engineering community apply these mitigation devices more efficiently. However, less studies are available for hybrid applied cross-ties and dampers, especially lack of both analytical and experimental verifications. This paper studied damping and frequency of two parallel identical cables with a connection cross-tie and an attached damper. The characteristic equation of system was derived based on transfer matrix method. The complex characteristic equation was numerically solved to find the solutions. Effects of non-dimensional spring stiffness and location on the maximum cable damping, the corresponding optimum damper constant and the corresponding frequency of lower vibration mode were further addressed. System with twin small-scale cables with a cross-link and a viscous damper were tested. The damping and frequency from the test were very close to the analytical ones. The two branches of solutions: in-phase modes and the out-of-phase modes, were identified; and the two branches of solutions were different for damping and frequency behaviors.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.3275-3298
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• 2022

Cloud-based architectures for precision agriculture are domain-specific controlled and require remote access to process and analyze the collected data over third-party cloud computing platforms. Due to the dynamic changes in agricultural parameters and restrictions in terms of accessing cloud platforms, developing a locally controlled and real-time configured architecture is crucial for efficient water irrigation and farmers management in agricultural fields. Thus, we present a new implementation of an independent sensor-enabled architecture using variety of wireless-based sensors to capture soil moisture level, amount of supplied water, and compute the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Both parameters of soil moisture content and ETo values was then used to manage the amount of irrigated water in a small-scale agriculture field for 356 days. We collected around 34,200 experimental data samples to evaluate the performance of the architecture under different agriculture parameters and conditions, which have significant influence on realizing real-time monitoring of agricultural fields. In a proof of concept, we provide empirical results that show that our architecture performs favorably against the cloud-based architecture, as evaluated on collected experimental data through different statistical performance models. Experimental results demonstrate that the architecture has potential practical application in a many of farming activities, including water irrigation management and agricultural condition control.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.443-459
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• 2023

This paper investigates the stability of a bi-directional functionally graded (BD-FG) cylindrical beam made of imperfect concrete, taking into account size-dependency and the effect of geometry on its stability behavior. Both buckling and dynamic behavior are analyzed using the modified coupled stress theory and the classical beam theory. The BD-FG structure is created by using porosity-dependent FG concrete, with changing porosity voids and material distributions along the pipe radius, as well as uniform and nonuniform radius functions that vary along the beam length. Energy principles are used to generate partial differential equations (PDE) for stability analysis, which are then solved numerically. This study sheds light on the complex behavior of BD-FG structures, and the results can be useful for the design of stable cylindrical microstructures.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2024

The LiBr aqueous solution, which is the absorption liquid of absorption refrigerator, must be replaced periodically because the concentration of impurities such as Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺, etc., increases due to corrosion of the tubes as the period of use increases, and the refrigeration efficiency decreases significantly. In order to reuse the waste absorption liquid, flocculation-precipitation method is mainly applied to precipitate the impurities, which requires hundreds of times the concentration of impurities and generates additional waste. In this study, a process for removing Cu ion impurities from cyclone electrolyzer by electrolytic reduction is presented in a small-scale facility without additional waste. It was confirmed that Cu ion impurities can be removed down to 1 ppm by electrolytic reduction process, and to further improve the removal rate, the mass transfer rate was increased by using a cyclone electrolyzer. The removal rate of Cu ions increased with the increase of flow rate and current density, and it was confirmed that Cu was removed at a rate of 1.48 ppm/h under the condition of 330 mL/sec and 2.5 mA/cm².

• 유기물자원화
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1994

펄프 제지공장에서 다량으로 발생되는 제지슬럿지를 재활용하기 위한 한 방법으로 퇴비화를 시도하였으며, 이에 필요한 적절한 반응변수를 조사하기 위하여 소형반응조와 정체식 더미를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 제지슬럿지의 성분분석 결과 pH가 7.1, C/N 비 28~30, 수분이 60~65% 정도로 퇴비화에 적정한 수준이었으며 수은, 카드뮴, 납 등 중금속은 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 공기공급량과 질소원량에 따른 $CO_2$ 방출량과 온도변화를 조사하였는데, 1시간 또는 2시간에 1분씩 강제송풍 (2리터/분)을 해준 경우 반응기에 넣고 60시간까지 $CO_2$ 방출량과 온도가 서서히 증가하였으나 그 이후로는 감소하기 시작하였다. 그러나, 30분 마다 1분씩 송풍을 하였을 때는 $CO_2$ 방출량은 바로 감소하기 시작하였고 온도는 24시간 후부터 떨어지기 시작하였다. $CO_2$ 방출량과 온도간의 상관관계를 구해보면 3처리 모두 고도의 정상관(r=0.802, 0.816, 0.985)을 보여 퇴비화가 미생물의 정상적인 활동에 의해 진행되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러나, 송풍간격을 4시간 또는 8시간에 1분씩으로 하였을 때는 $CO_2$ 방출량은 시간이 경과 할 수록 감소하였으나 온도는 전자의 경우 24시간까지 올라갔다가 감소하기 시작하였고 후자의 처리시에는 48시간까지 높아졌다가 떨어지기 시작하였다. $CO_2$ 방출량과 온도간의 상관관계는 r= -0.93으로 고도의 부상관을 보였다. 이것으로 보아 이 상태에서는 정상적인 호기적 조건에서의 미생물활동이 진행되지 않는것으로 생각되며, 산소부족에 의한 혐기성생물작용이 일어난 것으로 생각되었다. 요소 첨가량에 따른 퇴비화 진행정도를 보면 0.5%, 1.0% 요소용액 처리시 처리 1일 후까지 $CO_2$ 방출량과 온도가 증가하였다가 그 이후로는 감소하였으나, 2.0% 용액 처리시에는 48시간까지 증가하다가 감소하였다. 이 결과 역시 $CO_2$ 방출량과 온도와의 상관관계는 고도의 정상관을 보여 정상적인 미생물 분해 활동이 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 100kg 의 제지슬럿지에 1% 요소용액을 살포하여 섞은뒤 static pile system으로 실내 공간에 쌓아두고 적절한 간격으로 뒤짚어 주면서 16일간 온도, pH, 및 미생물밀도, C/N 비 변화를 조사하였다. 처리후 3일까지 온도가 증가하여 $65^{\circ}C$에 도달하였고 그 이후로는 감소하여 16일째는 거의 외기온과 비슷하였다. pH는 초기에 7.5였으나 계속 증가하여 4일째에는 약 8.3으로 유지되었고 8일 이후 점차 감소하기 시작하였다. 퇴비화진행의 직접적인 지표로 중온성 및 고온성 미생물의 밀도는 초기에 중온성 미생물이 고온성 미생물에 비하여 높았으나 시간이 경과하면서 고온성 미생물의 밀도가 높아져 온도변화와 유사한 변화를 나타내었다. C/N 비는 처리전 약 30 이었으나 16일 후에는 약 20으로 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼때 제지슬럿지는 그 발생원에 따라 약간씩 차이는 있겠지만 적당한 퇴비화 조건이 찾아지면 효율적으로 퇴비화 시킬 수 있을것으로 생각되었다.