• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1997

For the investigation of occurrence of insect pests and their natural enemies, total number of 353 controlled agricultural farms were visited and surveyed. In the 73% of total controlled agricultural farms, 52 species insect pests were occurred. Among these pests, the western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis), the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) and the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) were mainly occurred. On the other hand, small numbers of natural enemies were sustained in 40 controlled agricultural farms, which was 11% and 17% of visited farms and pest occurred farms, respectively. For the most part of collected natural enemies, there were included in Braconid, Coccinellid and Anthocorid, as 63, 20 and 8% of them, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.41.1-41.12
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• 2020

Background: The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is a serious problem in the laying hen industry worldwide. Currently, the foremost control method for D. gallinae is the implementation of integrated pest management, the effective application of which necessitates a precise monitoring method. Objectives: The aim of the study was to propose an accurate monitoring method with a reliable protocol for caged-layer poultry farms, and to suggest an objective classification for assessing D. gallinae infestation on caged-layer poultry farms according to the number of mites collected using the developed monitoring method. Methods: We compared the numbers of mites collected from corrugated cardboard traps, regarding with length of sampling periods, sampling sites on cage, and sampling positions in farm buildings. The study also compared the mean numbers of mites collected by the developed method with the infestation levels using by the conventional monitoring methods in 37 caged-layer farm buildings. Results: The statistical validation provided the suitable monitoring method that the traps were installed for 2 days on feed boxes at 27 sampling points which included three vertical levels across nine equally divided zones of farms. Using this monitoring method, the D. gallinae infestation level can be assessed objectively on caged-layer poultry farms. Moreover, the method is more sensitive than the conventional method in detecting very small populations of mites. Conclusions: This method can be used to identify the initial stages of D. gallinae infestation in the caged-layer poultry farms, and therefore, will contribute to establishment of effective control strategies for this mite.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.161-166
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• 1997

From January of 1991 to December of 1992, 42 chickens collected from 21 poultry farms and also diagnosed as necrotic enteritis(NE) was examined clinical signs, gross and histopathological findings. Main clinical signs were characterized by decreased appetite, mild to severe depression, reductance to move, ruffled feathers, greenish to yellow-browinish diarrhea sometimes including blood. As progressed, diseased chickens showed feces mixed with necrotic debris which detached from the intestinal mucosa and mostly resulted in the death. In chronic cases, there were dirty feathers around cloaca due to diarrhea and notably retarded growth. Principle gross lesions were usually confined to the jejunum and ileum, especially toward the lower part of Meckel's diverticulum. The part of small intestine was frequently distended with gas, and also showed mucosal congestion and hemorrhages with varying degrees. Sometimes, the intestinal mucosa was thickened, and also covered with fibronecrotic psuedomembrane. In addition, there were focal necrosis and severely multifocal ulcreation in the mucosa of small intestine. Major histopathological findings included villous necrosis and erosion of the small intestine covering with lots of bacterial colonies, inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, and dilatation and hyperplasia of crypts. Luminal exudate contained bacterial colonies, fibrin, erythrocytes, and desquamated epithelium. Thirteen(61.9%) out of 21 NE-occurring farms were complicated with intestinal coccidiosis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2017

The purpose of the study was to simplify standard HACCP manual for improving the on-site applicability and increasing the implementation rate of HACCP program for small- and medium-sized dairy farms (SMDF). A survey was carried out in 32 SMDFs using a structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the number of workers had a positive correlation with HACCP certifications (p < 0.05). Most of HACCP non-certified farms (66.7%) were run by two workers with 40-60 cows and milking yields of 1,000-1,500 L per day. Major drawbacks for dairy farmers to implement current HACCP system were the difficulties in daily recording and facility management (40%). On the basis of the survey results, it was suggested that the development of on-site standard HACCP manual and user-friendly record chart with O/X checklist were the most urgent factors to increase HACCP implementation rate. In addition, the alternative third party service for microbial and chemical tests could also be accompanied for small-sized dairy farms.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Purpose - The structural changes of Korean agriculture are complex due to heterogeneous production processes and farms' features. This study analyzed trends of dualism in Korean agriculture over the period 2000-15 based on farm-level data to clarify the specific trends of dualism in terms of farm income, farm-size, and farm operators' age. From the results of this study, we would be able to understand the features of structural changes in Korean agriculture more profoundly. Research design, data, and methodology - We incorporated farm-level data in South Korea: Agricultural census and Farm household economy survey. As measures of inequality, we used size-weighted quantiles, and normalized Gini coefficients as well as mean and conventional quantiles. The size-weighted quantiles are more robust to changes in the number of small farms, but they are more sensitive to changes in the distribution of farm-size. Thus, they would be more useful to identify trends of dualism of Korean agriculture. Results - The results show that the farmland distribution of crop farms became more skewed and dispersed. However, the herd distribution of livestock farms became more concentrated. To be specific, their mean and 1st quantile increases more rapidly than their size-weighted 2nd quantile and size-weighted 3rd quantile. Gini coefficients of livestock farms regarding their herd distribution decreased by 0.1 on average. In the case of income distribution, the results indicate that the polarization regarding farm household/agricultural/non-agricultural income became more severe. However, we also found that the distribution of transfer income became concentrated continuously. The results imply that transfer income including subsidies would decrease farm income polarization. Lastly, during the study periods, Korean farms were aging over time, and age distribution of them more concentrated. Conclusions - The structure of Korean agriculture has been changing, even though the absolute size of it decreased over time. Land (herd) distribution became more dispersed (concentrated). Inequality regarding agricultural income became more severe, and it made farm household income more polarized even though transfer income would decrease income gaps among farms. Lastly, farms continue to age regardless of farm types and this might affect the structural changes in Korean agriculture in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.226-235
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• 2000

A survey on feeding practices was conducted with thirty-one cattle farmers belonging to three categories: households without land and no income from agricultural labour (Class 100;10 farms), households without land but deriving considerable income from agricultural labour (Class 101;10 farms), and households with land and without income from agricultural labour (Class 110;11 farms). Information on the types of feeds given of one year. In addition, samples of the feeds offered and refused were collected every two weeks and analysed for dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). Grass was usually cut at an early stage of growth, as such the CP(11.8%) and OMD (62%) were relatively high. All types of rice straw (whole, lower and upper part) and sugarcane forage (tops and leaves) were low in CP (<6 and <8.9%, respectively) and OMD (<45 and <47%, respectively). Rice bran and tofu waste was of much better quality than any other feed. The average number of different feeds in the rations (mean of all farms) was 1.98, with a lower value for class 101 (1.80), than for classes 100 and 110 (2.11 and 2.02, respectively). Of the total amount of OM consumed, 42% was rice straw, 21% grass, 19% maize forage, 10% sugarcane forage, <4% other forages (soya and groundnut straw), 1.3% rice bran and 2.9% tofu waste. The total amount of OM offered varied from <80 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$ in August/September to 1.5 times as much in May (P<0.01). The intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) for farm class 110 ($37.7g/kg^{0.75}/d$) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that for classes 100 and 101 (44.1 and $41.3g/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). The highest CP/IDOM ratio was recorded for farm class 101 (0.201 as compared to 0.181-0.184).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.481-487
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• 1995

A survey of physical inputs was conducted on the total population of dairy farms supplying milk to the Rewa cooperative dairy company in Fiji. The critical inputs associated with total farm milk production were determined using multiple regression, with analyses being conducted for each of the three identified supplier groups, bulk milk, canned milk and cream. Mean annual milk production per cow averaged 1460 (s.d. = 319), 889 (s.d. = 321) and 800 (s.d. = 451) litres for the bulk milk, canned milk and cream suppliers respectively. Stocking rate averaged 1.37 (s.d. = 1.18) cows per hectare over all farms. Inputs to pasture were universally low and Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus) was identified as a major weed. The average amount of supplement fed annually on a grain equivalent basis was 700 (s.d. = 984) kg per cow for bulk milk, 84 (s.d. = 198) kg per cow for canned milk and 146 (s.d. = 542) kg per cow for cream suppliers. The analysis of data from a small group of farms using nitrogen fertiliser indicated that their production levels were higher than the general population. This suggests that there is potential for the Fijian dairy industry to increase milk production through the use of higher inputs to cows and pastures. The regression models relating annual milk production from farms to the two key inputs of number of cows milked and the amount of supplement fed were all significant (p < 0.001). The coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 56.9 to 89.4 percent.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2017

The artificial insemination (AI) is one of the best assisted reproductive technologies for increasing reproductive capacity and facilitating the genetic improvement in farm animals. AI has been used in Uganda for over 60 years, but a small population of the total herd has been used. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of AI with estrus synchronization technique and to propose ways of improving the productivity of dairy farms through AI services in Uganda. In total, 78 cows from 11 dairy farms were selected for timed-AI. Synchronization was performed according to the ovsynch programs followed by AI using frozen semen from Korean Holstein (0.5 ml straws). Pregnancy rate was varying among farms (0-50%) and the overall pregnancy rate was 28.2%. Cows in luteal phase at the time of treatment was 40.0% whereas that in follicular phase was 20.8%. After treatment, cows that showed normal estrus signal were 45.5% (25/55). Abnormal estrus was categorized into pre-estrus (9.1%), cystic ovaries (21.8%), anestrus (18.2%) and delayed ovulation (5.5%), respectively. These results imply that an assured protocol for timed-AI should be developed to improve the productivity of dairy farms through AI services in Uganda.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.54-76
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• 1980

A survey was conducted to determine the status of health and productivity of poultry farms in Korea. Area included Was Kyunggido where exist nearly 50% of national poultry population. From this area, 41 layer and 34 broiler farms covering 21 Countries were selected randomly for the survey. When farms were divided in the operation size, 95.1% of layer and 82.3% of broiler farms were classified as business or industrial level while the rest were managed in a small scale as part time job. Generally layer farms had been established much earlier than broiler farms. Geographically 10.7% of layer farms were sited near the housing area such as field foreast and rice field. No farms were located near the seashore. The distance from one farm from the other was very close, being 80% of the farms within the distance of 1km and as many as 28% of the farms within loom. This concentrated poultry farming in a certain area created serious problems for the sanitation and preventive measures, especially in case of outbreak of infectious diseases. Average farm size was 5,016${\times}$3.3㎡ for layers and 1,037${\times}$3.3㎡ for broilers. 89.5% of layer ana 70.6% of broiler farms owned the land for farming while the rest were on lease. In 60% of layer farms welters were employed for farming while in the rest their own labour was used. Majority of farms were equipped poorly for taking necessary practice of hygiene and sanitation. The amount of disinfectant used by farms was considerably low. As many as 97.6% of lave. farms were practised with Newcastle(ND) and fowl pox(F$.$pox) vaccine, whereas only 43.6% and 5.1% of broiler farms were practised with ND and F$.$pox vaccine, respectively. In 17-32.7% of farms ND vaccine was used less than twice until 60 days of age and in only 14.6% of farms adult birds were vaccinated every 4months. Monthly expense for preventive measures was over 200,000W in 32% of farms. Only 4.9-2.7% of vaccine users were soaking advice from veterinarians before practising vaccination, 85% of the users trusted the efficacy of the vaccines. Selection of medicine was generally determined by the farm owner rather than by veterinarans on whom 33.3% of farms were dependant. When diseases outbroke, 49.3% of farms called for veterinary hospital and the rest were handled by their own veterinarians, salesmen or professionals. Approximately 70% of farms were satisfied with the diagnosis made by the veterinarians. Frequency of disease outbreaks varied according to the age and type of birds. The livabilities of layers during the period of brooding, rearing ana adultwere 90.5, 98.9 and 75.2%, respectively while the livalibility of broilers until marketing was 92.2%. In layers, average culling age, was 533.3 day and hen housed eggs were 232.7. Average feed conversion rates of layers and broilers were 3.30 and 2.48, respectively. Those figures were considerably higher than anticipated but still far lower than those in developed countries.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 1983

Animal in dustry in Korea urgently needs the domestic introduction and the industrial a, pp.ication of embryo transfer technique. Namely, this technique can be utilized effectively, as means of the improvement of livestocks, as means of the increase of meat production, as means of substitute for the livestock import, and dissemination of new breed. However, as this technique avaliable in our country is remaining initial stage, we can not make use of the technique industrially unless we make much improvement as follows; induction of superovulation, non-surgical recovery of embryos, synchronization between the estrus such cycles of donor and recipient, non-surgical transfer of embryos, etc. Simultaneously, the basic studies such as harvesting oocytes from ovary, in vitro culture of oocytes, in vitro capacitation of spermatozoa, cloning by culture of blastomeres and transfer of nuclei, sexing embryo, etc. should not be neglected in order to make the technique of embryo transfer more simple and convenient. For the success of these studies, universities, national and public institutes, large scale cattle farms, and small scale cattle farms should cooperate each other. For instance, universities undertake basic researches, and the national and public institutes a, pp.y the results of the researches to animal industry along with cooperation by large scale cattle farms. By the help of the cooperative organizations, the technique relevant to our environment and farm condition may be able to be finalized, and to be a, pp.ied to samll scale cattle farm. Consequently, being served to stimulate animal productivity, this technique can be contributed to the development of livestock industry in Korea.