• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1992

The gobiid fish, Luciogobius guttalus Gill has an anguilliform with some blackish and reddish brown color in life. It grows up to 90mm in total length. The specimens have been collected from several localities in the southern parts of Korea and Hokkaido, Japan. During the ebb tide, the fish was found in high level of intertidal zone exposed to the air among pebbles in the hollows and slopes of rocks. There are also some other small gobiid fishes comprising 3 species of relative gobies and 1 species of blennioid fish. A total of 5 egg masses were collected from the coast of Haeundae in April to May 1990. Each egg mass was deposited in one layer on the underside of a stone embedded in pebbles and guarded by the male parent. The eggs are club-shaped ranging from 2.71 to 2.80mm in long axis and from 0.65 to 0.74mm in short axis. The eggs were hatched in 98 hours after incubatied at the temperature varying from 19.5 to $25.5^{\circ}C$The newly hatched larvae were from 3.85 to 4.00mm in total length with 35~36 myomeres. In eleven days after hatching, total length reached 5.50mm. The part of the fin-fold of the future dorsal and anal fins became high. In sixteen days after hatching, the lavae averaged 6.20mm in total length and the caudal notochord flex at $45^{\circ}$. The larvae reached the juvenile stage in 48~50 days after hatching and attained 12.80~14.00mm in total length, and all fin-rays was formed. Ossification of the cranium took place at 5.50mm of mean total length in parasphenoid and basioccipital. Ossification of the visceral skeleton occurred in areas where active movements of bones are required, notalbly in the parts of feeding and respiration. Vertebrae began to develop from the anterior end to ossify posteriorly. Neural and haemal spines of vertebrae ossified always prior to the corresponding centra. When larvae reached to about 6.60mm in mean total length (17~18 days after hatching), jaw bones were more repidly ossified than vertebrae and cranium. Ossification of all bones nearly completed when the larvae reached to 13.40mm in mean total length (47~50 days after hatching).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2015

UNESCO and IUCN established the term of 'Sacred Natural Sites' (areas of land or water having special spiritual significance to peoples and communities) for conservation of biological and cultural diversity. Dangsan forest, a traditional village forests of rural Korea is a representative 'Sacred Natural Site' with a history of more than several hundred years of Dangsan ritual. The Chungmak village, Gyeokpo-ri, Buan-gun is a small seashore village. It is an important place that has the largest ancient maritime ritual sites in Korea. Buan-gun have been tried to register the 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site' for the World Heritage List. However, the fact that this 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site'(5~6 century, Baekje of the Three-kingdom period) was located in the Dangsan forest, surrounding the shrine, is not much understood. In this study, the landscape characteristics and culture of the sacred Dangsan forest at Gyeokpo-ri, including Gyeokpo-ri, Dae-ri, Naesosa temple Seokpo-ri, Buan-gun and Dongho-ri, Gochang-gun were investigated. And, the potential of registering for World Heritage, 'Protected Area of Sacred Natural Sites' by linking the four site's Dangsan forests has been investigated. The sacred Dangsan forests in the neighborhood of Gyeokpo-ri have kept their landscape characteristics and retained Dangsan ritual. As a result of SWOT analysis for sacred natural sites, WT(weakness-threat) strategy has chosen as priority strategy. The reason is that there is few management scheme. The Dangsan forests at the neighborhood of Gyeokpo-ri need to be recognized by people in Korea, for their valuable landscape characteristics. The places should be managed and protected to remain as a sacred natural sites in order to be prepared for a World Heritage.

• Journal of Science Education
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.434-445
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to aid the teaching strategy for the teacher by investigating the preconception of the earthquake for 4th grade students in elementary school before learn the curriculum. For this, 31 grade students who lived in Seongnam in Gyeonggi province were interviewed with the questionnaire. The following is the findings. On the definition of an earthquake, 64.9% of the students had scientific conception. On the question of 'what happens on the ground when there is an earthquake', 59.2% of the students responded shaking or cracking of the earth, ground, things or building. On the question of 'what a person should do when there is an earthquake', most of the students responded by more than two answers. In contrast, on the causes of an earthquake, there were the largest percentage (35.3%) students who answered they didn't know. Except for one student, there were no students had talked about scientific conception. On the question of 'what happens below when there is an earthquake', 26.3% of the students responded they didn't know. On the place where an earthquake occurs rather frequently, 22.2% of the students mentioned an island. On the reason, 39.9% of the students responded they didn't know and there were no students with scientific answers. This study showed 4th grade students had scientific conception on the definition of an earthquake, and they had many experience interaction with external environment on 'what happens on the ground when there is an earthquake', 'the place where an earthquake occur rather frequently'. However the students had relatively small experience on the causes of an earthquake, on 'what happens below the ground when there is an earthquake', and earthquake-prone areas. Based on this study, additional research must be conducted on science in which the students' preconceptions is investigated to connect back to curriculum development. In addition, consideration must be given on how to integrate the thinking processes of students during the curriculum development process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.553-562
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• 2017

GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver among various sensors mounted on UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) helps to perform various functions such as hovering flight and waypoint flight based on GPS signals. GPS receiver can be used in an environment where GPS signals are smoothly received. However, recently, the use of UAV has been diversifying into various fields such as facility monitoring, delivery service and leisure as UAV's application field has been expended. For this reason, GPS signals may be interrupted by UAV's flight in a shadow area where the GPS signal is limited. Multipath can also include various noises in the signal, while flying in dense areas such as high-rise buildings. In this study, we used analytical photogrammetry and auto tracking total station technique for 3D positioning of UAV. The analytical photogrammetry is based on the bundle adjustment using the collinearity equations, which is the geometric principle of the center projection. The auto tracking total station technique is based on the principle of tracking the 360 degree prism target in units of seconds or less. In both techniques, the target used for positioning the UAV is mounted on top of the UAV and there is a geometric separation in the x, y and z directions between the targets. Data were acquired at different speeds of 0.86m/s, 1.5m/s and 2.4m/s to verify the flight speed of the UAV. Accuracy was evaluated by geometric separation of the target. As a result, there was an error from 1mm to 12.9cm in the x and y directions of the UAV flight. In the z direction with relatively small movement, approximately 7cm error occurred regardless of the flight speed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.616-623
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• 2010

Plant samples from 49 sites for Chinese cabbage, 28 sites for radish, 16 sites for cabbage, 8 sites for head lettuce, 20 sites for onion from farmers' and experimental fields in highland of Korea were collected and analyzed to find out the uptake patterns of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by altitude. Dry weight and uptake of N, P and K were increased at higher altitude in most vegetable crops. Nutrition uptake by Chinese cabbage was 163 ~ 283 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 42 ~ 69 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$ and 146 ~ 270 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$ according to altitude. Nutrient uptake by radish according to altitude was 153~159 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 38 ~ 46 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$, and 151 ~ 185 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$. In case of cabbage, the plant uptakes of N, P, and K were increased at altitudes of 600 ~ 1,000 m. Nutrient uptake of cabbage was 280 ~ 348 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 34 ~ 87 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$, and 209 ~ 290 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$ according to altitude. Uptakes of N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$ by head lettuce at an altitude of 800 ~ 850 m were 93-26-126 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Uptakes of N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$ by onions at an altitude of 600 ~ 800 m were 313-140-234 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively, but there was no tendency in nutrition uptake patterns by altitude. Small cultivation areas used for leaf vegetable crops do not have fertilizer recommendation standards in alpine regions. It might be preferable to use a correction factor equivalent to the index of available nutrient uptake for the determination of N, P and K fertilizer application rates.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2004

Acute poisoning is one of the diseases which need the most fastest emergency measures at the very beginning. However, at present, The Korea doesn't manage the toxication all over the country, and in particular, there is no guide to medical cure paying due regard to the traits of each area. This paper focused on the issue that the necessary data in preparing the facilities for the treatment of the poisoned patients and materials for medical treatment including antidote would have to be collected, after finding the special features of the symptoms by searching the present conditions of the poisoning in small towns next to farm villages in the North area of Youngseo, Kangwon province. This study was based on the questionnaires from 111 patients who were carried into the emergency room by the poisoning in two university hospitals of the North area of Youngseo, Kangwon, for one year, 2002. Upon investigation, the patients(111) visiting emergency room by the acute poisoning during the research period was found to be 0.37 percent of all patients(30,085) visiting emergency room. Among them, the most high percentage was given in their twenties and thirties at the rate of $39.6\%$, and the ratio($40.5\%$) of the poisoned patients after their fifties was much higher than a research($10\%$) of other areas. Many poisoned patients came to their rescue in an emergency room generally in spring and in winter, from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Agricultural chemical of the toxic materials had a majority at a ratio of $57.7\%$, and paraquat of the agricultural chemicals was found to have a lot of toxicity by $31.7\%$. As the trace of the toxication, the oral poisoning was common by $89.2\%$, and $55.9\%$ in the case of operating gastric lavage and nasogastric irrigation, but only $14.4\%$ for prescribing antidote. The mortality of the acute poisoned patients was $17.2\%$, and the toxication by paraquat held a majority. As a result, the acute poisoning of the North area in Youngseo, Kangwon had both of the characteristics of the rural and the city, and the patients over their fifties by the population aging had more attack of the disease than other regions. Also, with the high ratio of the toxication by the agricultural chemicals, especially, the lethal agricultural chemical was used frequently. Therefore, these dangerous situations need to find the ways to cope with.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제39권1호통권115호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

To evaluate the primary production and nutrient uptake of macrophytes in Lake Paldang, this study investigate the vegetation areas of six dominant aquatic plants including Typha angustifolia, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites australis, Trapa japonica, Nelumbo nucifera and Savinia natans, and contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of each macrophyte. Total vegetation area of six dominant aquatic plants was 1.37 $km^2$. Among them, Typha angustifolia was the most wide-distributed species which occupied the 46.7% of total vegetation area. Littoral zone of South Han river had the largest vegetation area with 0.458 $km^2$, and North Han river, Kyungan river and confluence area in the order named. The results of the contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of macrophytes showed that the carbon contents of emergent macrophytes was higher than that of other life-forms. The nitrogen content of Salvinia natans, free-floating macrophyte was highest and that of Typha angustifolia, emergent macrophyte was lowest. The phosphorus content of Trapa japonica showed the highest content of phosphorus among six macrophytes and emergent macrophytes such as Zizania latifolia and Phragmites australis showed lower contents of phosphorus than other life-forms. The annual net primary production of macrophytes in Lake Paldang, 2004, was calculated as 758.4 ton C $yr^{-1}$ and the annual net nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of macrophyte was 16,921 kg $yr^{-1}$ and 1,841.0 kg P $yr^{-1}$ respectively. Comparing the total budget of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Paldang, the amount of primary production and nutrient uptake by macrophytes take a small portion in total budget implying macrophytes do not play an important role in budget of matters in river-type lake, Lake Paldang.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1997

Purpose: To evaluate the differences of functional imaging patterns between conventional spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) and echo planar imaging (EPI) methods in cerebral motor cortex activation. Materials and Methods: Functional MR imaging of cerebral motor cortex activation was examined on a 1.5T MR unit with SPGR (TRfrE/flip angle=50ms/4Oms/$30^{\circ}$, FOV=300mm, matrix $size=256{\times}256$, slice thickness=5mm) and an interleaved single shot gradient echo EPI (TRfrE/flip angle = 3000ms/40ms/$90^{\circ}$, FOV=300mm, matrix $size=128{\times}128$, slice thickness=5mm) techniques in five male healthy volunteers. A total of 160 images in one slice and 960 images in 6 slices were obtained with SPGR and EPI, respectively. A right finger movement was accomplished with a paradigm of an 8 activation/ 8 rest periods. The cross-correlation was used for a statistical mapping algorithm. We evaluated any differences of the time series and the signal intensity changes between the rest and activation periods obtained with two techniques. Also, the locations and areas of the activation sites were compared between two techniques. Results: The activation sites in the motor cortex were accurately localized with both methods. In the signal intensity changes between the rest and activation periods at the activation regions, no significant differences were found between EPI and SPGR. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the time series data was higher in EPI than in SPGR by two folds. Also, larger pixels were distributed over small p-values at the activation sites in EPI. Conclusions: Good quality functional MR imaging of the cerebral motor cortex activation could be obtained with both SPGR and EPI. However, EPI is preferable because it provides more precise information on hemodynamics related to neural activities than SPGR due to high sensitivity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.139-150
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• 1985

In order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population density of vector mosquitoes in Kyungpook Province, a survey based on average numbers of female mosquito per trap-night, were carried out during the period from May to November in 1984. Among the 34, 571 mosquitoes collected in Kyungsan county in animal shelters and human dwellings by light traps, approximately 45.0 per cent were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 34.0 per cent Culex pipiens pallens, and 19.0 per cent Anopheles sinensis. By comparison, distribution of mosquito species in Ankang town, in which Japanese encephalitis had been reported in the past, were quite different and A. sinensis was the most abundant species, being constituted in 75.8 per cent, followed by C. tritaeniorhynchus(23.2 per cent), and C. pipiens pallens(O.6 per cent). In the general pattern of seasonal prevalence, C. tritaeniorhynchus first appeared in mid-June, and trapped in large numbers during the periods from mid-August to early September, showing a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve, while C. pipiens pallens was found to be active through almost the entire season showing irregular curves with several peaks. The trend of seasonal distribution of A. sinensis was similar to that of C. tritaeniorhynchus, but the earliest dates of appearance and disappearance differed from that of C. tritaeniorhynchus. The results of hourly catches of mosquitoes by human baited traps have clearly shown the differences in the biting rhythm among the vector mosquitoes of this Province, such as the facts that C. tritaeniorhynchus and A. sinensis are rather constantly active all through a night with more or less inconspicuous peaks twice a night, while C. pipiens pallens exhibits an irregular curve, and the numbers of A. vexans nipponii, C. vagans and Armigeres subalbatus are very small and are not sufficient for estimating the biting rhythm. Four genera and fourteen species of larval mosquitoes collected from eighteen kinds of habitats which classified according to the categories followed by Bates (1949). The main breeding sites contributing to peak C. tritaeniorhynchus adult densities in this surveyed areas were evidently ricefields, ground pools, puddles and swamps and marshes, etc. Summarizing the results, this study indicated that the highest population density of C. tritaeniorhynchus was encountered in late August and early September, showing a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.149-157
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• 1994

The conditions for formation of allophane in volcanic ash soils in Cheju Island were investigated. Soils of toposequence distributed along the sourthern slope of Mt. Halla, and the major soil groups such as dark brown soils, very dark brown soils, black soils, and brown forest soils were colleted and analyzed for Al, Fe and Si extracted with solutions of pyrophosphate and oxalate. Mean annual temperature decreased $0.8^{\circ}C$ and mean annual precipitation increased 110mm with increase elevation of 100m. Organic carbon content increased and soil pH decreased with elevation, and the formation of allophane in soils formed a climosequence. Dark brown soils widely distributed in the northern and western coastal areas, where the mean annual precipitation ranged 1,240~1,420mm and the evaporation ranged 1,290~1,320mm, contained only small amounts of allophane and Al-humus complexes. For other soils, organic carbon content, pyrophosphate extractable Al, and $Al_p/Al_o$ were inversely correlated with $pH(CaCl_2)$. Allophane content showed close relationships wlth $pH(CaCl_2)$, and inverse relationships with organic carbon content and $Al_p/Al_o$.