• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.7045-7056
• /
• 2013

Since the first report of RNA interference (RNAi) less than a decade ago, this type of molecular intervention has been introduced to repress gene expression in vitro and also for in vivo studies in mammals. Understanding the mechanisms of action of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) underlies use as therapeutic agents in the areas of cancer and viral infection. Recent studies have also promoted different theories about cell-specific targeting of siRNAs. Design and delivery strategies for successful treatment of human diseases are becomingmore established and relationships between miRNA and RNAi pathways have been revealed as virus-host cell interactions. Although both are well conserved in plants, invertebrates and mammals, there is also variabilityand a more complete understanding of differences will be needed for optimal application. RNA interference (RNAi) is rapid, cheap and selective in complex biological systems and has created new insight sin fields of cancer research, genetic disorders, virology and drug design. Our knowledge about the role of miRNAs and siRNAs pathways in virus-host cell interactions in virus infected cells is incomplete. There are different viral diseases but few antiviral drugs are available. For example, acyclovir for herpes viruses, alpha-interferon for hepatitis C and B viruses and anti-retroviral for HIV are accessible. Also cancer is obviously an important target for siRNA-based therapies, but the main problem in cancer therapy is targeting metastatic cells which spread from the original tumor. There are also other possible reservations and problems that might delay or even hinder siRNA-based therapies for the treatment of certain conditions; however, this remains the most promising approach for a wide range of diseases. Clearly, more studies must be done to allow efficient delivery and better understanding of unwanted side effects of siRNA-based therapies. In this review miRNA and RNAi biology, experimental design, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects are discussed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.222-232
• /
• 1993

원전증기 발생기 수위제어용 두개의 퍼지 알고리듬을 개발하였다. 즉, 증기 및 급수유량사용이 가능한 고출력 경우와 이들의 사용이 불가능한 저출력시등 용도를 분리하여 별도의 알고리듬으로 개발한 것이다. 이들 알고리듬은 고출력시의 경우 PID형태의 제어기로 변환시켰고 저 출력시의 경우 2차함수 형태의 제어기로 변환시켰다. 이들제어기는 한국원자력 연구소 보유 Compact Nuclear Simulator에서 각각 4개의 모의 운전을 통하여 실험하였다. 실험결과, 두 경우 모두 Simulator에서 사용되고 있는 PID제어기에 비하여 약 50%의 제어량으로 수위곡선 및 유량차이의 총 변화량이 절반이하가 되도록 제어가 가능했다. 고출력의 경우, 이는 수위 및 유량등을 입력으로 하는 PI제어기 대신 같은 입력의 PD제어기를 속도 알고리즘으로 사용한 점이 근본적인 차이로 볼 수 있으며 저 출력시의 경우는 수위를 입력으로 하는 PI제어기 대신에 적은 비율의 'I'성분을 포함하는 PID제어기를 사용하였으며 'D'성분입력과 제어기 출력에 각각 평균간을 사용한 것이 주 차이점이라 할 수 있다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2012

2011년 3월 11일 발생한 일본 후쿠시마 원전 사고 후 한국 대학생들의 방사선과 의료 방사선에 대한 생각을 파악하여 방사선에 대한 적절한 교육 방법과 국민들의 방사선 안전에 대한 올바른 대중 커뮤니케이션에 대해 모색하고자 전국 5개도(경기, 강원, 충청, 전라, 경상도)의 4년제 방사선학과가 설치된 대학교에서 790부 설문지를 수거한 후 분석하였다. 설문은 36문항으로 구성하였으며, '방사선이 위험하다'고 느끼는 중요 원인 중 하나는 '적은양의 방사선을 쪼여도 나중에 문제가 생길 수 있다'. ($3.28{\pm}1.05$)로 분석됐다. 방사선에 대한 관리에서는 개인보다는 정부가 나서야 된다는 응답자가 $3.87{\pm}0.89$으로 나타났다. '후쿠시마 원전 사고는 원자력 발전을 하지 말아야 한다는 쪽으로 나의 생각을 바꾸게 했다'라는 문항에는 $2.79{\pm}0.95$로 나타났다. '후쿠시마 원전사고 이후 의료 방사선에 대한 생각이 부정적으로 바뀌었다'라는 문항에는 전체적으로 $2.64{\pm}1.02$, 방사선학과 $2.31{\pm}1.00$, 치위생학과 $2.94{\pm}0.95$, 기타학과 $3.13{\pm}0.82$로 방사선과 관련된 교과목을 수강 경험이 없는 기타학과 학생일수록 부정적인 생각을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 방사선에 관한 교육이 필요하다고 생각하는 사람이 82.28%로 나타났으며, 그 중 T.V나 인터넷이 가장 효율적인 교육 방법으로 나타났다.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.247-284
• /
• 2017

Purpose The first purpose of this study is to investigate factors that are likely to influence user's intention to adopt third-party mobile payment platform. A comprehensive study about mobile payment services have used various variables to explain user's use intention based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) or the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Variables such as simplicity, security, costs, relative advantage, individual mobility, subjective norm, trust, satisfaction, attitude towards use, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and so on. Among these factors, we expect to find out the most influential factors effecting user's use intention of the third-party mobile payment services. Second, we also examine whether the most influential factors have the same influence to different third-party mobile payment services by conducting comparative study of Alipay and WeChat Pay. Design/methodology/approach Empirical data for this study were collected from Chinese who has the experience using or have used Alipay or WeChat Pay. Participants needed to be familiar with Alipay or WeChat Pay because such users may be more aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of Alipay and WeChat Pay. We conduct a pilot test using Smart PLS 2.0, which includes 50 Alipay users and 82 WeChat Pay users. The result indicates that all the measurement fit for the context. And then 980 questionnaires were mainly sent out to the college students and the e-mails users randomly. To encourage participation, we give the participants a small gift as a present. Finally, we received a total of 683 replied. Data from respondents who gave incomplete or invalid answers were excluded to assure the validity of the constructs. 79 questionnaires were rejected, finally the valid data are 604 (with 372 Alipay users and 232 WeChat Pay users). Findings The results suggest that users' intention is determined by their trust on third-party mobile payment service and perceived usefulness of use. Comparative study results also indicated that the factors have different influence on Alipay group and WeChat Pay group, which offers a new aspect for academic field, and provides useful information to mobile payment service providers in China.

• Strategy21
• /
• 통권41호
• /
• pp.232-260
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to open a debate about what kind of deterrent strategy the ROK military should pursue in the era of NK's weapons of mass destruction and missile threats. I argue that the ROK military needs a comprehensive deterrent strategy that reflects the international security situations and trends and that builds on clear understanding of the basic concepts and how deterrence operates. The paper starts with surveying the basic knowledge of deterrence from the perspectives of both theory and practice. Then, it provides explanations on why deterrence against NK can be particularly difficult given the security environment in and around the Korean peninsula. For example, South Korea and North Korea hardly share 'common knowledge' that serves as a basic element for the operation of deterrence. Deterrence against North Korea involves complex situations in that both deterrence and compellence strategies may be relevant particularly to North Korea's WMD and missile threats. It also involves both immediate and general deterrence. Based on the discussion, I suggest several ideas that may serve as guidelines for establishing a deterrent strategy against NK. First, our threats for deterrence should be the ones that can be realized, particularly in terms of the international norms. In other words, they must be considered appropriate among other nations in the international community. Second, there should be separate plans for the different kinds of threats: one is conventional, local provocations and the other is WMD/missile related provocations. Third, we should pursue much closer cooperative relations with the U.S. military to enhance the effectiveness of immediate deterrence in the Korean peninsula. Fourth, the ROK military should aim to accomplish 'smart deterrence' maximizing the benefits of technological superiority. Fifth, the ROK military readiness and structure should be able to deny emerging North Korean military threats such as the submarine-launched ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Lastly, in executing threats, we should consider that the current action influences credibility and reputation of the ROK, which in turn affect the decisions for future provocations. North Korea's WMD/missile threats may soon become critical strategic-level threats to South Korea. In retrospect, the first debate on building a missile defense system in South Korea dates back to the 1980s. Mostly the debate has centered on whether or not South Korea's system should be integrated into the U.S. missile defense system. In the meantime, North Korea has become a small nuclear power that can threaten the United States with the ballistic missiles capability. If North Korea completes the SLBM program and loads the missiles on a submarine with improved underwater operation capability, then, South Korea may have to face the reality of power politics demonstrated by Thucydides through the Athenians: "The strong do what they have the power to do, the weak accept what they have to accept."

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제99권1호
• /
• pp.75-84
• /
• 2010

우리나라 산림공익기능 증진 관련 정책 및 조치는 2001년 산림법 체계에서 산림기본법 중심의 기능별 법체계 개편 이후 산림법의 분법화가 본격적으로 진행되면서 새롭게 제정된 법령에 근거하여 다양한 정책이 추진되고 있다. 이러한 정책에는 1970년대부터 수원함양림조성, 사방사업 등 국민들의 일상생활과 크게 밀접하지 않은 수자원 보전기능과 국토보전유지기능이 중요한 산림공익기능 증진 정책으로 지속적으로 추진되고 있다. 특히 최근에는 보건휴양기능, 산림생태계와 동 식물 보전관리의 중요성에 따른 생물다양성보전기능 정책이 활발히 추진되고 있다. 이중 보건휴양기능은 주 5일제의 정착 이후 다양한 산림휴양수요에 적극 대응하기 위하여 예산규모는 적지만 다양한 정책이 추진되고 있는 것이 특징적이다. 이는 보건휴양기능이 국민의 일상생활과 밀접하게 관련되어 있는 기능으로서 짧은 기간에 정부투자의 가시적인 성과와 국민들로부터 높은 호응을 얻을 수 있기 때문으로 판단된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.289-301
• /
• 2006

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery triggers the production and release of numerous chemotactic substances and cytokines, ensuing systemic inflammatory response that leads to postoperative major organ dysfunction. Traditionally, corticosteroids (steroid) have been administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery to ward off these detrimental physiologic alterations. However, the majority of the studies have been performed on adult patients with high-dose steroid. We carried out a randomized, prospective, double-blind study to compare the efficacy of low-dose steroid with that of high-dose steroid and to determine the adequate dose of pretreated-steroid for prophylactic effects in pediatric cardiac surgery. Thirty pediatric patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to two groups; fifteen patients received low-dose methylprednisolone (10mg/kg intravenously, n=15, low-dose group) and the others received high-dose methylprednisolone (30mg/kg intravenously, n=15, high-dose group) 1 hour prior to CPB. Arterial blood samples were taken before CPB (Pre-CPB), 10 minutes after start of CPB (CPB-10), and immediately after CPB-end (CPB-OFF) for measuring total leukocyte counts (T-WBC) and diff-counts, platelet counts, interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total antioxidant (TAO), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), troponin I (TNI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Other parameters such as volumes of urine output, pulmonary index $(PI,\;PaO_2/FiO_2)$, mechanical ventilating period, intensive care unit (ICU)-staying period, postoperative complications (fever, wound problem), postoperative 24 hrs and total volumes in blood loss, and hospitalized days were also assessed. All parameters were compared between two groups. There were no significant differences in T-WBC counts, monocyte fraction, platelet counts, TA levels, NSE levels, creatinine levels, BUN levels, the volumes of total urine output, PI, the incidences of fever and wound problem, postoperative 24hrs- and total-blood loss volumes and ICU-staying period between two groups (P>0.05). At CPB-OFF, neutrophil fraction, MPO level, TNI level, and AST level were higher in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group (P<0.05). IL-6 level at CPB-10 was higher in the high dose-group than in the low-dose group (P<0.05). Furthermore, mechanical ventilating periods and hospitalized days of the high-dose group were significantly longer than those of low-dose group (P<0.05). The high-dose group had significantly low lymphocyte fi-action at CPB-OFF compared with the low-dose group (P<0.001). These findings suggest that pretreatment of high-dose steroid is not superior to that of low-dose steroid regrading its potential benefits in pediatric cardiac surgery. Therefore, the conventional strategy of steroid treatment, high-dose pretreatment, should be modified in the cardiac surgery with CPB. However, further studies must be performed on the larger number of patients in as much as small number of patients in this study.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.142-147
• /
• 2004

Tebuconazole의 안전성 평가를 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 tebuconazole의 처리시기, 처리횟수, 봉지 씌우기(괘대) 및 세척방법에 따른 잔류성을 조사하였다. 수확 전 처리횟수가 3회${\sim}$5회 처리로 증가함에 따라 tebuconazole의 잔류량이 높게 나타났으며, 처리횟수가 동일한 조건에서는 최종 처리 후 경과일수가 길수록 잔류량이 적게 나타났다. 처리횟수 및 최종 처리 후 경과일수가 동일하더라도 최초 약제처리 시기에 따라 잔류량의 차이가 나타나 기상 조건 및 과실의 생육상태에 따른 잔류량 변동 가능성이 시사되었다. 과실 1개당 무게가 $2.5{\sim}7.5\;g$의 범위에서 과실 개체의 크기가 작을수록 높은 잔류량을 보였으며, 잔류성분의 대부분이 과피에 분포하였다. 괘대 과실의 과피에서 무괘대 과실의 과피에 비하여 매우 낮은 잔류량을 보였다. 과육 중의 잔류량은 괘대 포도에서는 검출한계 이하로, 무괘대 포도에는 0.05 mg/kg 수준으로 분포하였다. 세척 전의 잔류량이 0.86 mg/kg 수준인 포도 시료에서는 물에 1분간 침지하고 흐르는 물에 $1{\sim}2$회 세척 시에 잔류량의 약 $25{\sim}67%$가 제거되었으며, 침지처리 후 3회 세척한 시료에서는 검출한계 이하의 잔류량을 보였다. 세제용액에 침지하고 흐르는 물에 세척한 경우에는 물 침지에 비하여 높은 제거효과가 나타났으며, 세척 전 포도 중의 잔류량이 낮을수록 제거효과가 높게 나타났다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.453-475
• /
• 1998

During the 100 years since the initial discovery of meiotic phenomenon many brilliant aspects have been elucidated, but further researches based on light microscopy alone as an experimental tool have been found to have some limits and shortcomings. By the use of electron microscopy and armed with the advanced knowledges on modern genetics and biochemistry it has been possible to applu molecular technology in gaining information on the detailed aspects of meiosis. As synapsis takes place, a three-layered proteinous structure called the synatonemal complex starts to form in the space between the homologous chromosomes. To be more precise, it begins to form along the paired chromosomes early in the prophase I of meiotic division. The mechanism that leads to precise point-by-point pairing between homologous chromocomes division. The mechamism that leads to precise point-by-point pairing between homologous chromosomes remains to be ascertained. Several items of information, however, suggest that chromsome alignment leading to synapsis may be mediated somehow by the nuclear membrane. Pachytene bivalents in eukaryotes are firmly attached to the inner niclear membrane at both termini. This attached begins with unpaired leptotene chromosomes that already have developed a lateral element. Once attached, the loptotene chromosomes begin to synapse. A number of different models have been proposed to account for genetic recombination via exchange between DNA strands following their breakage and subsequent reunion in new arrangement. One of the models accounting for molecular recombination leading to chromatid exchange and chiasma formation was first proposed in 1964 by Holliday, and 30 years later still a modified version of his model is favored. Nicks are made by endomuclease at corresponding sites on one strant of each DNA duplex in nonsister chromatid of a bivalent during prophase 1 of meiosis. The nicked strands loop-out and two strands reassociate into an exchanged arrangement, which is sealed by ligase. The remaining intact strand of each duplex is nicked at a site opposite the cross-over, and the exposed ends are digested by exonuclease action. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the effort to define the molecular and organization features of the centromere region in the yeast chromosome. Centromere core region of the DNA duplex is flanked by 15 densely packed nucleosomes on ons side and by 3 packed nucleosomes on the other side, that is, 2000 bp on one side and 400 400 bp in the other side. All the telomeres of a given species share a common DNA sequence. Two ends of each chromosome are virtually identical. At the end of each chromosome there exist two kinds of DNA sequence" simple telpmeric sequences and telpmere-associated sequencies. Various studies of telomere replication, function, and behabior are now in progress, all greatly aided by molecular methods. During nuclear division in mitosis as well as in meiosis, the nucleili disappear by the time of metaphase and reappear during nuclear reorganizations in telophase. When telophase begins, small nucleoli form at the NOR of each nucleolar-organizing chromosome, enlarge, and fuse to form one or more large nucleoli. Nucleolus is a special structure attached top a specific nucleolar-organizing region located at a specific site of a particular chromosome. The nucleolus is a vertical factory for the synthesis of rRNAs and the assenbly of ribosome subunit precursors.sors.

• 한국HCI학회논문지
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2006

상용화된 웨어러블 컴퓨팅용 문자입력장치 중 팔목에착용하는 키보드가 많은데 대부분 소형화를 위해 키 수를 줄이는 방식을 택하고 있다. 하지만 충분한 착용성 확보를 위해 키보드의 키 수를 대폭 줄일 경우 보통 문자당 키입력수(KSPC)가 증가하기 때문에 입력효율이 저하되고 학습을 위해 부가적인 노력이 요구되는 등 우수한 웨어러블 키보드를 개발하는데 있어 착용성과 사용성이 상충하는 문제상황에 직면하게 된다. 본 연구는 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해 키 간격을 줄여 극적으로 키보드를 소형화할 수 있는 방법을 탐색하였다. 일련의 실험을 통해 키 간격 7mm인 키보드의 경우 물리적 폼팩터차원에서 착용성과 사회적 수용성이 충분히 긍정적이고 문자입력속도가 3세션 평균 15.0WPM 정도의 가능성 있는 결과를 도출했다. 하지만 수동적인 촉각 피드백과 입력에 대한 충분한 시각적 피드백의 부재가 문자입력수행도를 저하시킨다는 실험참가자들의 지적에 따라 원키 키보드라는 개념을 제안하였다. 전통적인 키보드의 경우 하나의 키에 하나의 문자가 할당한다. 반면 원키 키보드의 경우는 $70mm{\times}35mm$ 사이즈의 단일 키 위에 10*5배열의 QWERTY 키보드 문자배열을 모두 표시하였다. 따라서 일반적인 키보드와는 달리 키 판에서 어떤 문자를 입력했는지 키 입력 순간 손가락의 위치를 센싱하여 해당 문자를 계산하도록 하였다. 원키 키보드에 대한 입력효율 평가를 통해 5세션 평균 18.9WPM의 입력속도와 6.7%에러율을 기록했으면 최고 24.5WPM을 기록했다. 실험결과를 통해 본 연구에서 제안한 원키 키보드는 웨어러블 컴퓨팅 환경에서 착용성, 사회적 수용성, 입력효율성, 학습용이성 등의 상충적 요소에 대한 적절한 절충점을 제시하는 가능성 있는 문자입력장치로 평가되었다.