• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.22 no.A
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• pp.153-159
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• 2002

This paper is an experimental work of estimating friction angle of very coarse grained soil such as rubble mound by performing laboratory experiments. Two crushed rocks of rubble mound were used for tests. Triaxial compression tests with drained conditions were performed to measure friction angles of soils prepared by mixing the crushed soil having an identical coefficient of uniformity with different maximum grain size distribution. Centrifuge model experiments with those soils were also performed to measure angle of repose and to estimate friction angle of soil from measuring the slope of slip line in the active stress state. Model tests were carried out by changing the G-levels of 1G and 50G. From triaxial compression tests, the measured value of friction angle of soil is in the range of $41{\sim}57^{\circ}$. The measured value of repose angle is in the range of $32{\sim}35^{\circ}$. The values of friction angle are found not so sensitive to the maximum grain size of soil as long as the coefficient of uniformity is identical. Estimated value of friction angle from measuring the slope of slip line in the active stress state is in the range of $30{\sim}46^{\circ}$. Thus, the estimated angle of friction are found to be greater in the order of the measured angle of repose, the estimated value from the slope of active state, and triaxial compression test results. On the other hand, the measured values of friction angle from triaxial tests were compared with empirical equations, based on the relation between friction angle and void ratio. Equations proposed by Helenelund(l966) and Hansen(1967) found to be relatively reliable to estimate friction angles of soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2006

The effects of lowering ECAP temperature during ECAP process and Post-ECAP annealing on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the AZ31 alloys have been investigated in the present study. The as-extruded materials were ECAP processed to 2 passes at 553K prior to subsequent pressing up to 6 passes at 523K or 493K. When this method of lowering ECAP temperature during ECAP was used, the rods could be successfully deformed up to 6 passes without any surface cracking. Grain refinement during ECAP process at 553K might have helped the material to endure further straining at lower deformation temperatures probably by increasing the strain accommodation effect by grain boundary sliding, causing stress relaxation. Texture modification during ECAP has a great influence on the strength of Mg alloys because HCP metals have limited number of slip systems. As slip is most prone to take place on basal planes in Mg at room temperature, the rotation of high fraction of basal planes to the directions favorable for slip as in ECAP decreases the yield stress appreciably. The strength of AZ31 Mg alloys increases with decrease of grain size if the texture is constant though ECAP deformation history is different. A standard positive strength dependence on the grain size for Mg alloys with the similar texture (Fig. 1) supports that the softening of ECAPed Mg alloys (a negative slope) typically observed despite the significant grain refinement is due to the texture modification where the rotation of basal planes occurs towards the orientation for easier slip. It could be predicted that if the original fiber texture is restored after ECAP treatment yielding marked grain refinement, yield stress as high as 500 MPa will be obtained at the grain size of ${\sim}1{\mu}m$. Differential speed rolling (DSR) with a high speed ratio between the upper and lower rolls was applied to alter the microstructure and texture of the AZ31 sheets. Significant grain refinement took place during the rolling owing to introduction of large shear deformation. Grain size as small as $1.4{\mu}m$ could be obtained at 423K after DSR. There was a good correlation between the (0002) pole intensity and tensile elongation. This result indicates that tensile ductility improvement in the asymmetrically rolled AZ31 Mg alloys is closely related to the weakening of basal texture during DSR. Further basal texture weakening occurred during annealing after DSR. According to Hall-Petch relation shown in Fig. 1, the strength of the asymmetrically rolled AZ31 is lower than that of the symmetrically rolled one when compared at the same grain size. This result was attributed to weakening of fiber texture during DSR. The DSRed AZ31, however, shows higher strength than the ECAPed AZ31 where texture has been completely replaced by a new texture associated with high Schmid factors.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.290-296
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• 2013

We analysed interfacial traps in organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) in which pentacene and 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) organic semiconductors were deposited by means of vacuum-thermal evaporation and drop-coating methods, respectively. The thermally-deposited pentacene film consists of dentritic grains with the average grain size of around 1 m, while plate-like crystals over a few hundred microns are observed in the solution-processed TIPS-pentacene film. From the transfer characteristics of both TFTs, lower subthreshold slope of 1.02 V/decade was obtained in the TIPS-pentacene TFT, compared to that (2.63 V/decade) of the pentacene transistor. The interfacial trap density values calculated from the subthreshold slope are about $3.4{\times}10^{12}/cm^2$ and $9.4{\times}10^{12}/cm^2$ for the TIPS-pentacene and pentacene TFTs, respectively. Herein, lower subthreshold slope and less interfacial traps in TIPS-pentacene TFTs are attributed to less domain boundaries in the solution-processed TIPS-pentacene film.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1989

A total of 139 surface sediment samples, collected from the continental shelf and slope off the southeastern coast of Korea, were analyzed in order to understand their grain-size, mineral composition and organic carbon content. Based on the grain-size characteristics, five surface sedimentary facies were distinguished: sand, clay, mud, sand-mud mixed, and sand-clay mixed facies. The sand facies appears to be composed mostly of relict sand. For mud, most of which seem to be of recent origin, two different sources were suggested, based principally on their areal distribution pattern and the local hydrographic conditions. Heavy mineral composition of the fine-sand size fraction allowed us to distinguish different sand populations from the study area. On the whole, the Hupo Bank sediments showed a high content of garnet, while the sediments from the northern part of the continental shelf were characterized by a relatively high content of metamorphic minerals (kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, staurolite). Among clay minerals, the most abundant was illite, with chlorite, kaolinite and smectite following in decreasing order. Organic carbon contents in the sediments of the study area were generally high and showed an average value of 1.94%. The sediment grain-size exerted a strong influence on the organic carbon content. The highest organic carbon content, on the other hand, was found in the continental slope sediments.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.53-64
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• 2001

Bathing beach may be one of the ocean resorts in popular, which peoples can easily access in summer. Three beaches in Jeiu island are surveyed about natural environmental conditions using coastal engineering technique and questionnaire are carried out. Also the satisfaction index on the sand size, wave height, water temperature, transparency and bottom slope is gained very well. The results obtained from this study can be utilized making a new artificial bathing beach in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.684-689
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• 2000

In harvesting rice and barley using combine, the inclination of the body caused by the irregular surface condition of the field and the soil sinking from the unbalanced weight during the grain collection used to make harvesting operation difficult and even impossible. To overcome such a problem, automatic leveling control system for a combine has been developed and tested. The system was composed of the sensor for measuring left and right inclination of the combine chassis and the hydraulic control system. The adaptability of the control system was investigated by analyzing system response in time domain. And the limit angle of the leveling control was set up to be +/- 7$^{\circ}$. The proposed control and hydraulic power system was implemented to the prototype combine. The prototype combine was designed and built as a separable structure with chassis and track. This paper shows results of the leveling performance tested in the laboratory and the grain field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1691-1698
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• 1989

Gas sensing effects produced by adsorptive reaction between specimen surface and gases are expected to be influenced greatly by the state of the speimen surface. In this study, Co1-xMgxO ceramics oxygen sensors were prepared by pressing at 0.3-1.5ton/cm\ulcornerwith or without binder, intending to change porosity and average grain size on the surface purposely. The composition ratio of CoO to MgO was fixed at 1:1(mol.%). Microstructure of prepared Co0.5Mg0.5O ceramics were observed, the electrical properties and the sensitivity characteristics for oxygen gas were investigated in the device temperature range of 700-1000\ulcorner and for oxygen partical pressure range of 1-10**-4 atm. Temperature dependence of the resistivity of the specimen showed NTC behavior, average grain size increased and porosity decreased with increasing compaction pressure. The slope of the resistivity of the specimen on the oxygen partial pressure decreased with increasing average grain size and with decreasing porosity. Particularly, specimen pressed by 0.3 and 0.5 ton/cm\ulcornershowed the highest sensitivity to oxygen gas.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2018

Dean's equilibrium beach profile formula was used to investigate the correlation between the static shoreline position and the incident wave energy. The effect of the longshore sediment transport was neglected, and the results showed the reasonable agreement compared with the field observations of Yates et al.(2009), which were conducted for almost 5 years on southern California beaches, USA. The shoreline response varies with the scale factor of Dean's equilibrium beach profile. This implies that the shoreline response could be simply estimated using the sampled grain size without laborious long-term field work. Therefore, the present study results are expected to be practically used for the layout design of submerged or exposed detached breakwaters although the further work is required for performance verification. In addition, after laborous mathematical reviews, the linear relation between incident energy and shoreline response, which was obtained from Yates's field study, yielded a clear mathematical equation showing how the beach slope is related to the grain size.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops. Methods: A prototype small combine was designed and constructed. Its specifications and basic performance were investigated. Results: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops was designed and constructed to reflect similar specifications as those of the conventional combine. The prototype small combine comprises a diesel engine with the rated power/speed of 22.0 kW/2,600 rpm, three-stage primary and two-stage speed range transmission shifts, and a double acting threshing part. The maximum travel speeds of the prototype combine are approximately 0.72 m/s, 2.50 m/s, 0.30 m/s at the low, high speed range shifts in the forward direction, and while traversing in the reverse direction, respectively. The minimum radius of turning was approximately 1.50 m. In a static lateral overturning test, the prototype combine overturned neither to the right nor to left on a $30^{\circ}$ slope. The results of an oilseed rape harvesting test included the maximum operating speed of 0.32 m/s, the grain loss ratio of approximately 9.0%, and the effective field capacity of approximately 10.3 a/h. Additionally, among the outputs in grain outlet, the whole grains, damage grains, and materials other than grain (MOG) ratios accounted for 97.4%, 0.0%, and 2.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops indicates good driving ability and stability. The results of the oilseed rape harvesting test reveal that the harvesting performance must be enhanced such that the separating and cleaning parts are more suitable for each type of crop, thus reducing grain loss and foreign substances among the outputs in grain outlet. An improved small prototype combine could be used effectively to mechanize the harvesting of miscellaneous cereal crops in small family farms or semi-mountainous areas.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.53-73
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• 2020

Morphology and grain size distribution of coastal dunes should be well documented because they are critical to dune's buffering capacity and resilience against storm surges. The nationwide coastal dune survey produced the dataset, including beach-dune topographic profiles and grain size parameters for frontal beaches, foredunes, and inland dunes. This research investigated the dataset to describe geomorphic and textural properties of coastal dunes: foredune slopes, dune heights above approximately highest high water, mean size, and sorting, together with associated variables of coastal setting that influence coastal dunes. It also explores the possibility of a dune type scheme based on gran size trends. The results are as follows. First, the coast in which dunes are developed is the primary control on foredune morphology and sediment texture. Coastal dunes on the east coast were developed more alongshore rather than inland, with gentler slopes on the higher ground and out of coarser sand. The shore aspect contributes to this pattern because the east coast cannot benefit from prevailing northwesterly. Second, grain size trends from beaches through foredunes to inland dunes were little identified. Third, 12 dune types were identified from 69 dunes, showing the indicative capability for the status of beaches and dunes. We confirmed that the dataset could increase our understanding of the overall characteristics of coastal dune morphology and texture, though there is something to be improved, for example, establishing the refined and comprehensive field survey protocol.