• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes of skin temperature and subjective fatigue of the thoracic vertebrae by the chiropractic adjustments. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause the changes in the skin blood flow which can be detected by measuring the skin surface temperature. This study was to see whether chiropractic adjustments could affect the activity of the sympathetic nervous system as reflected by changes in skin temperature of the thoracic. Skin temperature and subjective fatigue on 16 subjects was measured before, within 10 sec, 10min, 20min and 30 min after a thoracic adjustment with Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(DITI) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). The adjustments consisted of a straight posterior-to-anterior high-speed, low-amplitude thrust to the transverse process of T3-T10 using a reinforced hypothenar contact. The average temperature and fatigue changed when the spine was considered as an entire unit. These results illustrate that the blood flow through the soft tissue can be affected by specific adjustments to the spine. This study might be served as an useful baseline data for the changes of the circulation and fatigue after the chiropractic adjustments.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-410
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of heat therapy on cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature at pre-auricular region. Moist heat therapy and ultrasound therapy were applied to 20 healthy subjects(male: 10, female: 10). Cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature before and after heat therapy were measured with laser doppler flowmetry and thermocouple. The results were as follows ; 1. Cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were significantly increased after moist heat therapy and ultrasound therapy. 2. In application of moist heat therapy, cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were more increased and maintained longer than in ultrasound therapy. 3. Before heat therapy, cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were higher in male. 4. There was no significant gender difference in changes of cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature after heat therapy. In conclusion, both moist heat therapy and ultrasound therapy increased cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature significantly, and moist heat therapy was more effective to increase cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature and to maintain increased cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature. There was no significant gender difference in the effect of heat therapy on cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.227-246
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• 1997

With a view of to providing basic data for designing male's and female's clothes, heslthy males and females(five each) were exposed to three different environmental temperature( $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$,$32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ in the nude. Their adaptation of skin temperature, physilogical responses, oral temperature, blood pressure, pulse rates) and psychological reactions (thermal, comfort and perceptive sweat sensations) were analyzed to be as follows; The subjects's skin temperature had a similar look of adaptation, but the stability of skin temperature differed at the $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$and at the $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ Males had higher skin temperatures at three environmental temperatures, but females showed a higher temperature change at the $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and$28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and males at the $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ Thus females were more resistant to the cold, while male were more resistant to the heat. As environmental temperature increased, oral temperature and pulse rates also grew up. Females turned higher in oral temperature and lower in blood pressure, but both sexes had a normal range of physiological reactions. Even though three environmental temperature were same changes in thermal sensation at and in perceptive sweat sensation at $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$and in perceptive sweat sensation at$32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ the two sexes had the same response in comfort sensation at the three environmental temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.142-148
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• 1995

In this study, FVM (Finite Volume Method) which is one of the 2-dimensional numerical approach has been conducted to anticipate the temperature distribution between skin and clothes by the change of air temperature and fabric characteristics including fabric thickness. Several experimental works have been done to understand the thermal insulation effect (If fabrics on a human body by measuring the averaged temperature in the air layer between skin and clothes or by measuring the thermal resistance of fabrics. However, the formal method is inconvenient to measure the temperature distribution in the air layer to evaluate the insulation rate of the clothes on the skin because the real size of the clearance between skin and the clothes is too small to place the temperature sensor, and in the Tatter method the relationship between human body and the fabrics are ignored. However, the numerical method will be very effective and economical way to evaluate the insulation efficiency of clothes when the computational result is in the reliable range. As the result of this study, the temperature change in the sir layer between skin and clothes was linear to the fabric thickness and this result coincides with many previous experimental results. Moreover, it is possible to predict the optimum fabric thickness for the best thermal insulation in the air layer between skin and clothes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.149-158
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the human thermoregulatory responses and to obtain the basic information of the Korean thermophysiological characteristics under the traditional Korean floor heating system-Ondol. The participants consisted of 10 elderly women, 4 elderly men(over 65 years), 10 young women and 5 young men(in twenties). They were exposed to temperature-controlled Ondol room(20$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5%R.H., floor surface temperature: 30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$) for 60 minutes and wore the same experimental clothing. The postures were performed sitting and supine on the floor. In each pose, rectal temperature, skin.temperature of 10 areas, mean skin temperature, clothing microclimate, body fat were measured. The results were as follows; 1. The rectal temperature gradually decreased and mean skin temperature gradually increased in young and old groups in both supine and sitting pose on heated Ondol floor for 60 minutes. 2. Rectal temperature was different in each pose. The rectal temperature decreased 0.1$^{\circ}C$ in both groups under the condition of sitting and decreased 0.2'c in elderly group under the condition of supine. In supine pose, elderly group was more declined than young group. Mean skin temperature increased 0.5$^{\circ}C$ in both poses, both groups.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.39-59
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• 1997

With a view to providing basic data for designing male's and female's clothes, healthy males and females(five each) were exposed to three different environmental temperature($20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) in the nude. Their adaptation of skin temperature, physiological responses( rectal temperature, blood pressure, pulse rates) and psychological reactions(thermal, comfort and perceptive sweaty sensations) were analyzed as follows; The subjects's skin temperature had a similar look of adaptation, but the stability of skin temperature differed at tha $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and at the $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ Males had higher skin temperature at three environmental temperatures, but females showed a higher temperature change at the $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and males at the$32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ Thus females were more resistant to the cold, while males were more resistant to the heat. As environmental temperature increased, rectal temperature and pulse rates also grew up. Females turned higher in rectal temperature and lower in blood pressure, but both sexes had a normal range of physiological reactions. Even though three environmental temperatures were same changes in thermal sensation at $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$and in perceptive sweat sensation at $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, two sexes had the same response in comfort sensation at the three environmental temperatures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.3-6
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• 1999

There are numerous studies on relations between sleep and environmental factors such as noise, illumination and thermal conditions. Sleep is affected by the thermal environment. This study describes influence of thermal environment on skin temperature, sleep patterns and body movements using physiological and psychological measurements. The results are as follows: 1) The fluctuations of room temperature during sleep appeared skin temperature variations. The more room temperature is high, the more skin temperature is high in 22$^{\circ}C$, 26$^{\circ}C$, 30$^{\circ}C$. 2) A significant relation between body movement and skin temperature was found within room temperature. Under room temperature conditions of 22$^{\circ}C$, 26$^{\circ}C$, 30$^{\circ}C$, there were significantly higher rates of body movement in the room temperature(30$^{\circ}C$). 3) Uncomfortable after sleep in thermal environment is mostly under high temperature(30$^{\circ}C$), and they are about fatigue due to not enough sleeping. 4) The degree of indoor thermal temperature with sufficient sleeping is in 22.8 ∼ 27.8$^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was aimed to evaluate the treatment effect of psoriasis patient using pyretotherapy. Methods : The clinical study was performed using retrospective observational research method. Treatment method was pyretotherapy that optimized core temperature through herbs therapy, food therapy, excercise and life style change. In other aspects, pyretotherapy is skin cure therapy that rise core temperature, down skin temperature and open sweat gland. Results : 1. 40s years showed the most coming of clinic in the distribution of age of psoriasis patient. 2. Board type showed the most number in the classification of psoriasis. 3. Pyretotherapy was very effective results in psoriasis patient treatment. 4. Pyretotherapy showed effects of rising axillary temperature and moving facial high skin temperature toward abdominal portion. Conclusions : The author is able to say that it is possible for pyretotherapy to become new skin therapy for many skin disease, especially psoriasis.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.463-470
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• 2014

Stealth technology of combat aircraft is most significant capability in recent air battlefield. As the detector of IR missiles is being developed, IR stealth capability which is evaluated by IR signature level become more important than it was in previous generation. Among IR signature of aircraft from various sources, aerodynamic heating dominates in long-wavelength IR spectrum of $8{\sim}12{\mu}m$. Skin temperature change by aerodynamic heating which is derived by effects of Mach number and structure. The 4th and 5th generation aircraft are selected for calculation of the skin temperature, and its height and velocity in numerical conditions are 10,000 m and Ma 0.9~1.9 respectively. Aircraft skin temperature is calculated by computing convection of fluid and conduction, convection and radiation of surface. As the aircraft accelerates to higher Mach number, maximum skin temperature increases more rapidly than average temperature and temperature distribution changes in more sharp, interactive ways. The 4th generation aircraft whose shape is more complex than that of the 5th generation aircraft have complicated temperature distribution. On the other hand, the 5th generation aircraft whose shape is relatively simple shows plain temperature distribution and lower skin temperature in terms of both average and maximum value.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of local heating and cooling of various body parts on the skin temperature of the exposed extremities including neck. Hot pack was used to warm up the body of seven participants for 15 minutes and it was removed as the temperature of the hot pack decreased after 15minutes of warming. Thermograms of body surface with and without hot pack were analyzed intensively to observe the efficiency of the local heating of shoulder, abdomen, back waist, and foot on the skin temperature of ten area of the subjects' body. The results indicated that the absolute skin temperature of front upper arm and thigh was significantly higher depending on the area of heating, especially, in case of abdomen and foot heating, which was not observed at the back of the body. The rate of skin temperature of extremities such as finger, palm and foot was significantly different depending on the body area of local heating. Generally, it was found that back waist heating was not efficient to warm up and maintain the skin temperature of the body after removing the hot pack.