• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.60-68
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose an automatic facial expressions recognition system to analyze facial expressions (happiness, disgust, surprise and neutral) using tree structures based on heuristic rules. The facial region is first obtained using skin-color model and connected-component analysis (CCs). Thereafter the origins of user's eyes are localized using neural network (NN)-based texture classifier, then the facial features using some heuristics are localized. After detection of facial features, the facial expression recognition are performed using decision tree. To assess the validity of the proposed system, we tested the proposed system using 180 facial image in the MMI, JAFFE, VAK DB. The results show that our system have the accuracy of 93%.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-56
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• 2008

It is a remarkable phenomenon that tattoos has been rapidly spreading among women of modern years. The extremism of feminine ornaments, and pricking and piercing of the skin seem to have deep connection with women's consciousness changing to being independent, active and aggressive. The objective of this study is to analyze the potential quality of today's women, who appears emblematically through tattoo, and to search out the whole aspect and keynote of female tattoos. The methods of research are by examining the general characteristics including concept and history, considering the type and significance of ethnic female tattoos, and then comparing with the symbolism of today's female tattoos. The sphere is limited to women's tattoos from ancient times to today's modern lift, examined from large portions of Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas, and Arctic regions. As a result, the following had been reflected in female tattoos in the past. First, incantation, tribe, adult age, adornment, marital status, domestic ability and sex distinction, where among others, the incantatory, ornamental symbol, and domestic sign were representatives. Second, the most popular body parts for having a tattoo were around the lips, hands and abdominal region. Third, the more harsh the environment becomes such as tropical forests, isolated islands, and polar regions, the more number of females have tatoos. Fourth, women's tattoos were much less glamorous and smaller compared to those of men, distinguishing one's sex. On the other hand, today's female tattoos can be classified as five symbols: masculinity, independence, voluptuousness, affection, and purity. These symbols contain women's mentality to pass the limit, and to overcome social inferiority. In modern society, where women must compete with met it has become necessary for women to educe their potential masculine qualities. Being violent accessories for them, tattoos became a mark of such potential. Therefore, in the future, women's interest and demand for tattoos are expected to rise in proportion to the social demand of women's force.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a face recognition system by using the CCD color image. We first get the face candidate image by using YCbCr color model and adaptive skin color information. And we use it initial curve of active contour model to extract face region. We use the Eye map and mouth map using color information for extracting facial feature from the face image. To obtain center point of Log-polar image, we use extracted facial feature from the face image. In order to obtain feature vectors, we use extracted coefficients from DCT and wavelet transform. To show the validity of the proposed method, we performed a face recognition using neural network with BP learning algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robuster with higher recogntion rate than the conventional method for the rotation and scale variant.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.485-489
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• 2007

Purpose: The basic vascular anatomy and versatility of the anterolateral thigh flap was reported firstly by Song in 1984 and then by Zhang who introduced the reverse flow pattern of this flap. In this case, the authors reviewed various articles and their experiences with the distally based anterolateral thigh flap and applied it for coverage of bone-exposed wound occurred at the distal of the disarticulated knee stump. We consequently reported the reliability and resourcefulness of this flap in the difficult and limited situation. Methods: A 67-year-old-man who had suffered from arteriosclerotic obliterans inevitably underwent the disarticulation at knee joint due to clinical deterioration. He presented to our clinic with soft tissue necrosis and bone exposure at the stump. We debrided the wound and conducted the distally based anterolateral thigh island flap by transecting proximal portion of descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the $14{\times}10cm$ sized flap was transferred to cover the defect. The pedicle measured 14 cm in length with pivot point 7 cm above the patella. Results: The postoperative course was mainly uneventful except early venous congestion for 4 days and subsequent partial skin loss. The wound was healed by secondary intension and no other sequelae had been observed during follow-up period of 12 months. Conclusion: Despite the presence of various reconstructive choices, the distally based anterolateral thigh island flap can be designed to repair soft tissue defects around the knee region, providing its reliable blood supply and long pedicle length, especially in the challenging cases.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.523-526
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• 2011

Purpose: The odontogenic sinus and fistulous tracts is the most common draining sinus and fistulous tract of the head and neck region. These are often misdiagnoses by clinicions who are not familiar with cutaneous sinus, since most of patients do not have dental symptoms. Here we present two cases of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract which have been diagnosed after excision of epidermal cyst. Methods: Two patients who presented with an odontogenic sinus tract draining to the skin at our institusion during the two years were enrolled in this study. We reviewed all the medical records of the patients and literature about odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract. Results: Odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts of our cases were healed after treatment of periapical odontitis and extraction of the carious tooth. Conclusion: The cutaneous sinus tract of dental origin is well documented condition. But its diagnosis is not always easy unless the clinicians consider the possibility of its dental origin. An understanding of the pathogenesis of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract will lead to early correct diagnosis and proper treatment without unnecessary surgery.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1889-1896
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• 2019

Background: Because of the lack of accurate values for applied forces in manual therapy, manual therapists relies on the magnitude of the individual's perception during applying the force. However, excessive loading maneuvers carry risks for patients. Objective: To establish the relationship between the maximal force applied to swine skin with the specific region, sex, and baseline parameters of the subject. Design: Ex-vivo Study and laboratory Experimental research Methods: 3.5 kg of Korean pork sirloin that is a piece of swine was handled and it was set 3 dimensions; #A; #B; #C. Forty-seven participants who has no experience in physical therapy randomly carried out the experiment, indicated to push each place of the pressure spots with same posture and process under supervision from the instructor who has over 15 years of manual therapy, and we measured the pressure force in each time. Results: The biggest pressure force was recorded in spot #A, and #B was represented after #C. Pressure on #A showed certain statistic relation with height (r=.317, p<.05) and weight (r=.434, p<.01); pressure on #B showed certain relation which has statistical meaning with only height (r=.401, p<.01); pressure on #C emerged to have statistic relationship with height (r=.308, p<.05)and weight (r=.428, p<.01). The age aspect revealed relation with pressure on #A, #B and #C, but that was not statistically significant. Conclusions: It can be inferred that there is the most loss of pressure in the area where cartilage is like an island in the middle.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency with which nursing interventions according to domains and classes, and core nursing interventions of the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) were performed by nurses on orthopedic surgery nursing units. Method: For this purpose, the third edition of NIC was used. Of the 486 nursing interventions, 424 were selected at 75% consent by experts. Data were collected from June, 2003 to July, 2003 5 hospitals and 69 nurses(return rate : 95.8%) in Gwang-ju and Chonnam region. 5 point Likert scale describing frequency was used. Results: The most frequently performed domain was 'physiological : basic'($2.97{\pm}.60$), followed by 'health system'($2.65{\pm}.65$) and 'physiological : complex'($2.55{\pm}.46$). The most frequently performed class was 'activity and exercise management'($3.82{\pm}.89$), followed by 'immobility management'($3.64{\pm}.62$), 'skin/wound management'($3.41 {\pm}.60$), 'physical comfort promotion'($3.23{\pm}.68$) and 'thermoregulation'($3.01{\pm}.91$). The most frequently performed nursing intervention was 'medication administration' ($4.96{\pm}.21$), followed by 'medication administration : intravenous'($4.93{\pm}.31$), 'analgesic administration'($4.91{\pm}.51$), 'pain management'($4.87{\pm}.34$) and 'medication administration : intramuscular'($4.78{\pm}.68$). Conclusion: In conclusion, the third edition of NIC was found to be a general and comprehensive classification system for application on orthopedic surgery nursing units. These findings will help in building of a standardized language for orthopedic surgery nursing units and enhance the quality of nursing care.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.52-61
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• 2010

The use of the friction coefficient is known to provide good discrimination ability in the classification of human constitutions, which are used in alternative medicine. In this study, a system that uses a multi-axis load cell and a hemi-circular probe is designed. The equipment consists of a sensor (load cell type, manufactured by the authors), an x-axis linear-bush guide motorized mobile stage that supports the hand being analyzed, and a signal conditioner. Using the proposed system, the friction coefficients from different constitutions were compared, and the relative repeatability error for the friction coefficient measurement was determined to be less than 2 %. The direction along the ring finger line was determined to be the optimum measurement region for a constitutional diagnosis between Tae-eumin and Soyangin types using the proposed system. There were some differences in the friction coefficient between the two constitutions, as reported in ancient literature. The proposed system is applicable to a quantitative constitutional diagnosis between Tae-eumin and Soyangin types within an acceptable level of uncertainty.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2013

Although low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been a valuable therapeutic technology in the clinic, its efficacy may be reduced in deep tissue layers due to strong light scattering which limits the photon density. In order to enhance the photon density in deep tissue layers, this study developed an optical tissue clearing (OTC) laser probe (OTCLP) system which can utilize four different OTC methods: 1) tissue temperature control from 40 to $10^{\circ}C$; 2) laser pulse frequency from 5 to 30 Hz; 3) glycerol injection at a local region; and 4) a combination of the aforementioned three methods. The efficacy of the OTC methods was evaluated and compared by investigating laser beam profiles in ex-vivo porcine skin samples. Results demonstrated that total (peak) intensity at full width at half maximum of laser beam profile when compared to control data was increased: 1) 1.21(1.39)-fold at $10^{\circ}C$; 2) 1.22 (1.49)-fold at a laser pulse frequency of 5 Hz; 3) 1.64 (2.41)-fold with 95% glycerol injection; 4) 1.86 (3.4)-fold with the combination method. In conclusion, the OTCLP system successfully improved the laser photon density in deep tissue layers and may be utilized as a useful tool in LLLT by increasing laser photon density.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.467-475
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• 2019

A high-intensity ultrasound wave generates acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation forces when propagating through a medium. An acoustic radiation force generated in a three-dimensional space can produce a solid tactile sensation, delivering spatial information directly to the human skin. We placed 154 ultrasound transmit elements with a frequency of 40 kHz on a concave circular dish, and generated an acoustic radiation force at the focal point by transmitting the ultrasound wave. To feel the tactile sensation better, the transmit elements were excited by sine waves whose amplitude was modulated by a 60 Hz square wave. As an application of ultrasonic tactile sensing, a region where tactile sense is formed in the air is used as an indicator for the position of the hand. We confirmed the utility of ultrasonic tactile feedback by implementing a system that provides the number of fingers to a machine by receiving the shape of the hand at the focal point where the tactile sense is detected.