• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.481-486
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• 2018

Cosmetics are primarily applied to the skin; therefore, the association of cosmetic dyes with skin diseases or inflammation is a topic of great interest. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin 7-like cytokine that activates dendritic cells to promote Th2 inflammatory immune responses. TSLP is highly expressed in keratinocytes under inflammatory conditions, which suggests that it may play a critical role in the development of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we investigated whether cosmetic dyes influenced the production of TSLP by keratinocytes. Phloxine O, also known as D&C Red No.27, is one of the most common red synthetic pigments and is widely used in colored cosmetics. Our results showed that Phloxine O downregulated phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced production of TSLP in a murine keratinocyte cell line (PAM212). Phloxine O also suppressed TSLP expression in KCMH-1 cells, which are mouse keratinocytes that constitutively produce high levels of TSLP. To investigate the in vivo effects of Phloxine O, we induced TSLP expression in mouse ear skin by topically applying MC903, a vitamin D3 analogue that is a well-known inducer of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms. Topical application of Phloxine O prevented MC903-induced TSLP production in mouse ear skin, attenuated the acute dermatitis-like symptoms and decreased serum IgE and histamine levels in mice. Suppression of TSLP expression by Phloxine O correlated with reduced expression of OX40 ligand and Th2 cytokines in mouse ear skin. Our results showed that Phloxine O may be beneficial to prevent dermatitis by suppressing the expression of TSLP and Th2 cytokines in skin.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2022

Objectives: Myrrh have been used as a traditional remedy to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, it is largely unknown whether myrrh ethanol extract could exhibit the inhibitory activities against particulate matter (PM)-induced skin injury on human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of myrrh ethanol extract on PM-induced skin injury in HaCaT cells. Methods: To investigate the inhibitory effects of myrrh ethanol extract in HaCaT cells, the skin injury model of HaCaT cells was established under PM treatment. HaCaT keratinocyte cells were pre-treated with myrrh ethanol extract for 1 h, and then stimulated with PM. Then, the cells were harvested to measure the cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL) 1-beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-𝛼, hyaluronidase, collagen, MMPs. In addition, we examined the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibitory kappa B alpha (I𝜅-B𝛼) as inhibitory mechanisms of myrrh ethanol extract. Results: The treatment of myrrh ethanol extract inhibited the PM-induced cell death and ROS production in HaCaT cells. In addition, myrrh ethanol extract treatment inhibited the PM-induced elevation of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-𝛼. Also, myrrh ethanol extract treatment inhibited the increase of hyaluronidase, MMP and decrease of collagen. Furthermore, myrrh ethanol extract treatment inhibited the activation of MAPKs and the degradation of I𝜅-B𝛼. Conclusions: Our result suggest that treatment of myrrh ethanol extract could inhibit the PM-induced skin injury via deactivation of MAPKs and nuclear factor (NF)-𝜅B in HaCaT cells. This study could suggest that myrrh ethanol extract could be a beneficial agent to prevent skin damage or inflammation.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2008

Objectives : This experiment study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant effects of Indigo Naturalis(IN) and Rehmanniae Radix(RR) which were herbs for clearing heat. Methods : Anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects of IN and RR that were measured by the inhibitory ability of Nitric oxide(NO) production and the scavenging for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical. Results : 1. IN and RR groups were not showed cell toxicity. 2. In the inhibitory ability of NO production, IN groups were better than RR groups, but there were no statistical significances among the groups. 3. In the scavenging for DPPH radical, IN groups were better than RR groups, but there were no statistical significances among the groups. Conclusions : These results showed that the IN group was better than the RR group in treating skin eruptions, especially those such as erythema, purple spot, papule, pustules which appear in acute inflammation.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

Objectives This study aims to report inflammatory reactions of Pharmacopuncture lubricants (CF and JsD) when administered on GB21, GB20, and TE23 in clinical trials. Methods Follow-up studies were made on each patient's clinical observation and specific managemen. Results 1. Inflammation induced by pharmacopuncture lubricants were limited to local area of administration. 2. Intensity of inflammation was depended on the patient's condition. 3. Inflammation caused pain, skin flare, and discomfort on the patient. Inflammation subsided when dissipating technique was rendered with the conventional acupuncture needle. Conclusions It appears that prolonged usage of pharmacopuncture lubricant on the specific point can induce inflammation, thus using alternative pharmacopuncture is recommended.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

Environmental stimuli can lead to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is one of the risk factors for premature skin aging. Here, we investigated the protective effects of $7-MEGA^{TM}$ 500 (50% palmitoleic acid, 7-MEGA) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and its underlying therapeutic mechanisms in the HaCaT human skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). Our results showed that treatment with 7-MEGA prior to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced damage significantly increased the viability of HaCaT cells. 7-MEGA effectively attenuated generation of $H_2O_2$-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced inflammatory factors, such as prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$). In addition, cells treated with 7-MEGA exhibited significantly decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and increased expression of procollagen type 1 (PCOL1) and Elastin against oxidative stress by $H_2O_2$. Interestingly, these protective activities of 7-MEGA were similar in scope and of a higher magnitude than those seen with 98.5% palmitoleic acid (PA) obtained from Sigma when given at the same concentration (100 nL/mL). According to our data, 7-MEGA is able to protect HaCaT cells from $H_2O_2$-induced damage through inhibiting cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, 7-MEGA may affect skin elasticity maintenance and improve skin wrinkles. These findings indicate that 7-MEGA may be useful as a food supplement for skin health.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.119-131
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• 2020

인간의 피부가 지하철 터널과 같은 외부환경에서 고농도의 입자 먼지(PM_2.5, PM₁₀)에 장시간 노출되면 피부에 나쁜 영향을 받게 된다. 특히, 미세입자 먼지는 피부를 손상시켜 염증과 알러지 반응을 일으킨다. 본 연구에서는 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물이 피부에 미세입자 먼지가 반응하여 피부손상을 유발할 때 피부염증 저해능력을 조사하였다. 입자형태의 먼지는 지하철에서 하루에 가장 높은 농도로 존재할 때 수집하였다. 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물은 대조군에 비하여 강한 항산화능을 보였다 (62.6%). 미세입자 형태와 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물의 혼합물은 일산화질소 생성을 억제하여 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물이 미세입자 먼지에 의하여 유발되는 피부염증을 완화하는 효과가 확인되었다. 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물은 세포독성이 대조군에 비하여 낮았다. 입자형태의 먼지(PM₁₀)를 세포에 노출시켰을 때 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물의 농도를 증가시킬수록(5, 10, 20 ㎍/mL) 활성산소 수준이 감소함과 동시에 양성 대조군에 비하여 더욱 효과적이었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 달맞이꽃뿌리 추출물이 미세입자 형태의 먼지에 의하여 유발되는 피부 손상을 완화시킬 수 있는 효능을 제공하여 피부용 화장품 소재로 활용이 가능함을 입증하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2002

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate(FDP), a glycolytic metabolite, is reported to ameliorate inflammation and inhibit the nitric oxide production in murine macrophages stimulated with endotoxin. It is also reported that FDP has cytoprotective effects against hypoxia or ischemia/reperfusion injury in brain and heart, and may play a protective role in ultraviolet B (UVB, 280~320 nm)-injured keratinocyte by attenuating prostaglandin (PG)-E$_2$production and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, which are possibly through blocking the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Therefore FDP is considered to act as a potent antioxidant especially in the skin. We conducted the several safety tests (single-dose toxicity, primary skin irritation test, eye irritation test, skin sensitization test, phototoxicity test, photosenitization test and human patch test) to see if FDP is safe in case used for the skin application. Our data obtained hitherto suggest that FDP is very safe if applied to the skin.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2017

본 연구는 먼저 새송이버섯 추출물인 PEE가 활성화된 면역세포에서 항염증 효과가 있는지 알아보았다. 그 결과 LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에 PEE를 처리했을 때 5과 15 mg/mL 등 높은 농도에서 NO를 효과적으로 억제하였다. 그리고 LPS가 유도하는 $IL-1{\beta}$와 IL-6는 5 mg/mL 농도에서는 억제 없었으나, 15 mg/mL 농도에서 현저히 억제하는 효과가 있었다. 다음은 UVB가 유도하는 C57BL/6 마우스 피부손상에 대한 PEE의 개선 효과에 대해서 알아보았다. PEE를 7일간 경구투여한 후 7일, 10, 13일 등 3일 간격으로 하루에 1회씩 UVB ($250mJ/cm^2$)로 마우스 등 피부에 조사하여 피부손상을 유발하였다. UVB 조사 후부터는 PEE를 경구투여와 함께 피부에 도포하여 PEE가 피부 손상에 대한 개선 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 PEE 투여군은 UVB로 유도되는 표피두께, 홍반지수 및 멜라닌 지수가 참고약물로 사용한 비타민 C(AA) 투여군과 유사한 개선되는 효과가 있었다. 또한 PEE 투여군은 UVB가 유도하는 비만세포를 비롯한 염중세포 침윤이 현저히 억제되는 효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때 PEE는 항염증 효과와 더불어 UVB가 유도하는 피부손상을 개선하는 우수한 효과가 있어 기능성 식품소재 및 화장품 소재로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2014

Skin disease is one of the most common diseases and its incidence is increasing dramatically in modern society. Specially, many attempts have been made to treat chronic skin inflammation diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, but effective therapies for the immune cell-mediated skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis have not been developed. Until recently, several drug candidates which were claimed to be effective for skin diseases have been reported, but most of them are not used to treat chronic skin disease. Especially, Psoriasis is characterized by excessive growth and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, but is fully reversible with appropriate therapy. The trigger of the keratinocyte response is thought to be activation of the cellular immune system, with T cells and various immune-related cytokines. Formation of new blood vessels starts with early psoriatic changes and disappears with disease clearance. Several angiogenic mediators are up-regulated in psoriasis development. Contact- and mediator-dependent factors derived from keratinocytes, mast cells and immune cells may contribute to the strong blood vessel formation of psoriasis. New technologies and experimental models provide new insights into the role of angiogenesis in psoriasis pathogenesis. TMP and its derivatives themselves effectively inhibited in vitro cell migration, tube formation, and the expression of angiogenic factors. However, TMP and its derivatives induced side effects including hemolysis and local side effects. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce the toxicity and the undesirable side effects of TMP and derivatives, a liposomal formulation was prepared and tested for its effectiveness. TMP and derivatives liposomes retained the effectiveness of TMP in vitro while side effects were reduced. These results support the conclusion that TMP effectively inhibits in vitro angiogenesis, with the possibility that use as a psoriasis relief agent.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2019

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the sunlight, especially UVA and UVB, is the primary environmental cause of skin damage, including topical inflammation, premature skin aging, and skin cancer. Previous reports show that activation of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) in human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes after UV exposure induces the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and subsequently leads to the production of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and growth factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Here, we demonstrated that TNFR2-SKEE and TNFR2-SKE, oligopeptides from TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)-binding site of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), strongly inhibited the interaction of TNFR1 as well as TNFR2 with TRAF2. In particular, TNFR2-SKE suppressed UVB- or $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced nuclear translocalization of activated $NF-{\kappa}B$ in mouse fibroblasts. It decreased the expression of bFGF, MMPs, and COX2, which were upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$, and increased procollagen production, which was reduced by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Furthermore, TNFR2-SKE inhibited the UVB-induced proliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes in the mouse skin and the infiltration of immune cells into inflamed tissues. These results suggest that TNFR2-SKE may possess the clinical potency to alleviate UV-induced photoaging in human skin.