• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.760-766
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• 2016

To increase the collagen recovery rate, bromelain (PB) and a microbial enzyme (PM) were used to treat to pork skin with single agent or combinations. The quality of collagen from the pork skin was evaluated by enzymatic treatments. The highest results for the solid contents and pork skin recovery rate obtained with the microbial-enzyme-bromelain mixtue (PMB) were 13.60% and 18.05% respectively. The result also showed that the color was affected by different types of enzyme treatments. Although PM treatment showed the highest result in the protein content of 251.30 mg/100 g, PMB treatment was the highest in the test of collagen content of 37.73 g/100 g among the treatments. However bands of the pork skin were detected widely at 130 kDa and 170 kDa ranges in SDS-PAGE. The band of PB treatment showed at the range of below 17 kDa, changed into a smaller molecular weight. The collagen content test of the pork skin by the treatments, collagen contents with combination treatment of pork skin with PMB (0.5%) resulted the highest in 43.76 g/100 g. Also the fat content at the above treatment was reduced to 11.12% compared to the other treatments. With these results of this experiment, we conclude that the enzymatic treatments were effective for the processing property of pork skin like enhancing the yield of collagen.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.662-668
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 피부 미백 개선 기능성 화장품 소재이자 친수성 소재인 ascorbyl glucoside(AG)의 피부 투과율을 개선시키기 위해 고형지질나노입자(SLN)을 설계하였다. AG는 이중 에멀젼 가온 용융유화법으로 SLN 내에 봉입하였다. 제조 된 AG 봉입 SLN의 입자크기, 다분산 지수, 제타전위, 봉입율등의 입자의 물리화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 피부 투과시험의 경우 인체 유래 인조 피부 조직 모델 중 SkinEthic RHE를 사용하였다. 제조 된 AG 봉입 SLN의 평균 입자크기는 172.65 - 347.19 nm 이었고, 평균 제타전위는 -22.90 - -41.20 mV이었다. SLN 내 AG의 평균 봉입효율은 44.18 - 57.77%이었고, 평균 봉입율은 12.83 - 16.15%이었다. AG 봉입 SLN의 피부 투과 결과는 SLN을 적용하였을 때가 적용하지 않을 때 보다 약 3.7 - 7.4 배 피부 투과율이 개선되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 제조 된 SLN은 AG의 국소약물전달시스템으로 사용하는데 유용할 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.20-37
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the differentials in life styles and their effect on the epidermal facial tissue in order to provide a basis for health professionals so that they might better be able to maintain and promote healthy skin care and further delay the premature ageing of the epidermal facial tissue. The subjects consisted of 145 females of various ages who visited skin care room in cerming health promoting behaviors(Park In sook's Profile) and questions on their behavioral practices pertaining to personal skin care were used. The investigation also ess of the four parts of the epidermal facial tissue studied. All data collected wee entered into the SAS program and analyzed for frequency, percentages, the utilized Pusan. The study dates ranged from May 1, 1998 to May 30, 1998. The methods used for this investigation were a questionnaire survey consisting of general objective questions. The questions con a "skin analyzer" to measured levels of moisturizing hydrated, facial oils, and roughnmean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Epidermal facial oil was at its highest levels in the chin area with additional decreasing levels in the forehead and nose regions. The least regions were those of the cheeks. The highest levels of hydration on the other hand started with the forehead followed by the area of the chin, the cheeks and the lowest level of epidermal facial hydration was in the region of the nose. 2. The average score of the performance in the health promoting behaviors variable was 139.51. The variables with the highest degree of the performance were rest and sleeping(35.71). The lowest degree was hiegenic life(23.44). 3. The relationship health promoting behaviors and epidermal condition was not correlated with oil, hydration and roughness of the skin surface. 4. Skin care behavioral characteristics related to epidermal condition were washing style and temperature of washing water. 5. General characteristics related to epidermal condition were occupation, education level, acne and melasma. In conclusion, this study showed that several factors were significant in the behavior of skin care. Clear knowledge of both internal and external factors which affect the epidermal condition will help women to pursue active and appropriate practices in their health behaviors and skin care.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.846-853
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 청수 포도의 양조 특성에 미치는 세포벽분해효소와 침용 처리의 효과를 조사하였다. 착즙의 용이성은 세포벽분해효소 처리와 침용처리에서 우수하였으며, 착즙액의 방향은 5일간 침용처리 후 압착한 것이 가장 우수하였다. 또한 착즙수율도 대조구에 비하여 세포벽분해효소와 침용처리에서 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. pH와 총산, 가용성고형물은 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었으며, pH는 3.1-3.4, 총산은 0.5~0.6%, 가용성고형물은 $6.7{\sim}7.1^{\circ}Brix$의 범위를 나타내었다. 알코올 함량은 세포벽분해효소 처리구가 13.3%으로 가장 높았으며, 침용처리구는 상대적으로 알코올 함량이 낮은 특징을 보였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 침용처리 기간이 길어질수록 증가하는 경향이었으며, 10일간 침용처리시 306.4 mg/L로서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 청수와인의 주요 유기산은 사과산과 주석산이었으며, 구연산, 호박산 및 젖산도 검출되었다. 본 연구에서 세포벽분해효소와 침용처리는 청수와인 제조에 있어서 착즙의 용이성을 더 좋게 하며, 착즙수율이나 휘발성성분을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 2003년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.153-158
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• 2003

This study concerns the characteristics of helical flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52 and 0.9, whose outer cylinders are stationary and inner ones are rotating. Pressure losses and skin friction coefficients have been measured for fully developed flows of water and 0.2％ aqueous of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC), respectively, when the inner cylinder rotates at the speed of 0∼500rpm. The effect of rotation on the skin friction is significantly dependent on the flow regime. In all flow regimes, the skin friction coefficient is increased by the inner cylinder rotation. The change of skin friction coefficient corresponding to the variation of rotating speed is large for the laminar flow regime, whereas it becomes smaller as Re increases for the transitional flow regime and, then, it gradually approach to zero for the turbulent flow regime.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.833-843
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• 2002

The present experimental and numerical investigations are performed for the characteristics of transitional flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one rotating. The pressure losses and skin- friction coefficients have been measured for the fully developed flow of water and glycerine-water solution (44%) with the inner cylinder rotating at speed of 0∼600 nm, respectively. The transitional flow has been examined by the measurement of pressure losses to reveal the relation of the Reynolds and Rossby numbers with the skin-friction coefficients. The occurrence of transition has been checked by the gradient changes of pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients with respect to the Reynolds numbers. The increasing rate of skin-friction coefficient due to the rotation is uniform for laminar flow regime, whereas it is suddenly reduced for transitional flow regime and, then, it is gradually declined for turbulent flow regime.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.372-375
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• 2020

Congenital midline cervical cleft is a rare congenital disease. The disease is often misdiagnosed as a branchial cleft deformity, thyroglossal duct cyst, or other skin diseases. It has the following characteristics: skin defect at the midline of the anterior neck, a skin tag at the upper end of the lesion, and a blind sinus tract at the caudal aspect with or without mucoid discharge. Treatment is usually for aesthetic purposes; therefore, early surgical en bloc resection with Z-plasty or W-plasty is recommended to reduce recurrence and scar formation.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2015

Purpose: Recently, many countries around the world are actively looking for the ways to make full use of natural energy sources and also develop and apply an environmentally friendly system designed to save building energy consumption. Under these circumstances, this study intended to determine the applicability and energy saving effect by deriving the indoor thermal performance characteristics and the PCM temperature appropriate for a double skin façade to reduce indoor energy consumption through the application of different PCM temperatures to double skin façade and perform a performance evaluation depending on the application or non-application of PCM to a double skin façade. Method: For this study, the physical variables of the double skin façade with PCM were configured through a preliminary examination based on an experimental measurement, and experimental measurements were taken with a total of 7 types of mockup cases: Type-1 (Basic), the basic double skin façade, Type-2 (PCM $18^{\circ}C$) which was applied to the inner skin of the double skin façade depending on the phase-change temperature of PCM, Type-3 (PCM $20^{\circ}C$), Type-4 (PCM $22^{\circ}C$), Type-5 (PCM $24^{\circ}C$), Type-6 (PCM $26^{\circ}C$), and Type-7 (PCM $28^{\circ}C$) with reference to the data analysis of the basic double skin façade which preceded this study, to analyze the indoor thermal performance of the double skin façade depending on PCM temperature and the installation or non-installation of a double skin façade applying PCM based on the selected unit space. Result: Indoor thermal performance was analyzed depending on the PCM temperature applicable to double skin façade, and the analysis of heating energy reduction showed that Type-2 (PCM $18^{\circ}C$) gained 15.9% more heat compared with Type-1 (Basic) and secondly, Type-3 (PCM $20^{\circ}C$) gained 11.5% more heat. Based on these findings, it is deemed possible that the use of energy for heating can be reduced when heat coming indoors increases during the heating period, and the appropriate temperature for PCM applied to the inner skin of a double skin façade to reduce heating energy in winter, Type-2 (PCM $18^{\circ}C$) showed the highest efficiency and Type-3 (PCM $20^{\circ}C$) was also deemed appropriate.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated the skin permeability of lawsone in henna hair dyes to understand the exposure characteristics of henna hair dyes in the human body. It examined the protective effects of protectants by applying protectants A, B, and C to test skin. Methods: Skin absorption tests were conducted using Franz diffusion cells according to OECD test guideline 428. After applying one kind of natural henna hair dye and chemical henna hair dye, respectively, to a standardized pig skin model, samples of receptor fluid were collected at 1h, 3h, 6h, and 24h. The skin permeation of lawsone was determined using HPLC. After the skin absorption experiment, the skin to which hair dye was applied was analyzed to determine the residual amount of lawsone in the skin. Results: The cumulative permeation of both natural and chemical henna hair dyes increased over time, and the natural henna hair dye had a flux value (t=3.194, p<.05) high both in the K_p value (t=3.207, p<.05) and the residual amount (t=22.701, p<.001). For skin treated with a protectant, the cumulative permeation of natural henna hair dye 24h control and the cumulative permeation of protectant A, B, and C increased over time. Flux and K_p values were in the order control > protectant A > protectant C > protectant B. The residual amount (F=4.469, p<.05) was in the order of protectant C > protectant A > protectant B > control. At 3h, the dye application time of natural henna hair dye, the lawsone flux value (F=4.454, p<.05) and K_p value (F=4.455, p<.05) were higher in the control group than in the protectant groups. The 24h cumulative permeation of the chemical henna hair dye increased with time in both the control and the protectant groups, and the flux and K_p values were in the order of protectant A > protectant C > protectant B > control. The residual amount (F=7.901, p<.01) was in the order of protectant B > protectant A> protectant C > control. Conclusions: Within the normal dyeing time for henna hair dye (three hours for natural henna hair dyes and 30 minutes for chemical henna hair dyes) lawsone skin penetration was not observed even when no protective agent was applied. After that time, however, evidence of skin penetration and retention of lawsone and the protective effect of protective agents were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2012

Objectives: This aim of this study was to effectively isolate mesenchymal stem cells (hSMSCs) from human submandibular skin tissues (termed hSMSCs) and evaluate their characteristics. These hSMSCs were then chemically induced to the neuronal lineage and analyzed for their neurogenic characteristics in vitro. Materials and Methods: Submandibular skin tissues were harvested from four adult patients and cultured in stem cell media. Isolated hSMSCs were evaluated for their multipotency and other stem cell characteristics. These cells were differentiated into neuronal cells with a chemical induction protocol. During the neuronal induction of hSMSCs, morphological changes and the expression of neuron-specific proteins (by fluorescence-activated cell sorting [FACS]) were evaluated. Results: The hSMSCs showed plate-adherence, fibroblast-like growth, expression of the stem-cell transcription factors Oct 4 and Nanog, and positive staining for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) marker proteins (CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, and vimentin) and a neural precursor marker (nestin). Moreover, the hSMSCs in this study were successfully differentiated into multiple mesenchymal lineages, including osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Neuron-like cell morphology and various neural markers were highly visible six hours after the neuronal induction of hSMSCs, but their neuron-like characteristics disappeared over time (24-48 hrs). Interestingly, when the chemical induction medium was changed to Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), the differentiated cells returned to their hSMSC morphology, and their cell number increased. These results indicate that chemically induced neuron-like cells should not be considered true nerve cells. Conclusion: Isolated hSMSCs have MSC characteristics and express a neural precursor marker, suggesting that human skin is a source of stem cells. However, the in vitro chemical neuronal induction of hSMSC does not produce long-lasting nerve cells and more studies are required before their use in nerve-tissue transplants.