• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2006

Lower palpebral bags and tear trough grooves are the common signs of aging. Weakness of the orbital septum, atrophy of the orbicularis oculi muscle, slackness and laxity of the lower lid skin are the main causes of these aging changes. Tear trough groove with skeletonization of the lower orbital rim can not be corrected easily by the conventional lower blepharoplasty, but the augmentation of the volume, can be an effective method. Lower lids provide a well vascularized recipient site, which is vital for proper grafting of fat to occur. We treated tear trough groove with free fat graft of surgically removed orbital fat. Surgical excision of the fat pad and septal reinforcement with free fat graft below the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle were performed to correct tear trough groove. This technique was performed in 29 consecutive individuals from October, 2001 to January, 2005. Palpebral bags and tear trough groove were corrected concomitantly and obtained a youthful attractive midface with no secondary hollowness of lower lid and irregularity. The overall results obtained were satisfactory without any complications. Recurrence of tear trough deformity due to grafted fat absorption was not noted during the 7 months of the follow-up period. The authors conclude that the procedure is safe and effective in selected patients.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 2005

Recycled polyol was obtained by glycolysis of MDI-based Polyurethane(PU) rigid foam. The chemical structure of the recycled pclyol was confirmed by GC(gas chromatography) and 1H-NMR. The recycled polyol throughout the glycolysis contained liquid polyol and methylenedianiline(MDA). MDA which could cause liver cancer is carcinogenic material. TWA(Time Weighted Average.) amount for MDA in MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheets) was confined less than 0.1 ppm. The melting temperature of MDA is $92^{\circ}C$, and boiling temperature is $398^{\circ}C$. During the gylcolysis most of MDA was dissolved in liquid polyol. The probability that MDA diffuses into the atmosphere is low but there could be an absorption of MDA into skin. Furthermore because MDA is amine compound, recycled polyol which contained MDA had a difficulty in reaction control of polyurethane. Therefore reduction of MDA amount was needed strongly. In this study the elimination of MDA were performed through deamination of the recycled polyol by glycidyl ether compounds. As glycolysis was proceeded, the amount of MDA was 9.8 wt % at early stage and increased up to 14.0 wt % after 8 hours reaction. It was found that 2-Ethylhexyl glycidyl ether which contains aliphatic moiety was very effective compound for eliminating the primary aromatic amine compound :md the optimal mole ratio of 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether to MAD was 3. The final polyol after deamination by 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether has an appropriate viscosity(less than 500 centi poise) for polyurethane reaction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.141-146
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• 2012

Malassezia globosa is a common pathogenic fungus that causes skin diseases including dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis in humans. Analysis of its genome identified a gene (MGL_1677) coding for a putative NADPH-P450 reductase (NPR) to support the fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes. The heterologously expressed recombinant M. globosa NPR protein was purified, and its functional features were characterized. The purified protein generated a single band on SDS-PAGE at 80.74 kDa and had an absorption maximum at 452 nm, indicating its possible function as an oxidized flavin cofactor. It evidenced NADPH-dependent reducing activity for cytochrome c or nitroblue tetrazolium. Human P450 1A2 and 2A6 were able to successfully catalyze the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin and the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, respectively, with the support of the purified NPR. These results demonstrate that purified NPR is an orthologous reductase protein that supports cytochrome P450 enzymes in M. globosa.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2008

Purpose: Poly-N-acetyl glucosamine(PGlcNAc) nanofiber-based materials, produced by a marine microalga, have been characterized as effective hemostatic and angiogenic agents. The similarity between PGlcNAc patch and the natural extracellular matrix allows it to support new healthy tissue growth in an injured area and to encourage fluid absorption. In this study, we hypothesized that a poly-N-acetyl glucosamine fiber patch(PGlcNAc patch) may enhance wound healing in the db/db mouse. Methods: PGlcNAc patches were applied on one square centimeter, full-thickness, skin wounds in the db/db mouse model. Wounds(n=15 per group) were dressed with a PGlcNAc nanofiber patch for 1 hour(1 h), 24 hours(24 h) or left untreated(NT). After the application time, patches were removed and wounds were allowed to heal spontaneously. The rate of wound closure was evaluated by digital analysis of unclosed wound area in course of time. At day 10, wounds(n=7 per group) were harvested and quantified with immunohistochemical markers of proliferation(Ki-67) and vascularization (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, PECAM-1). Results: Wounds dressed with PGlcNAc patches for 1 hour closed faster than control wounds, reaching 90% closure in 16.6 days, nine days faster than untreated wounds. Granulation tissue showed higher levels of proliferation and vascularization following 1 h treatment than the 24 h and NT groups. In addition to its hemostatic properties, the PGlcNAc material also appears to accelerate wound closure in healing-impaired genetically diabetic mice. Conclusion: This material, with its combination of hemostatic and wound healing properties, has the potential to be effective agent for the treatment of complicated wounds.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-54
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• 1987

The aim of surgery for all parotid masses is directed toward total removal of the tumor with adequate safe margins of adjacent normal tissue and preservation of the facial nerve whenever possible. Reconstructive procedures following parotidectomy for benign or low grade malignant lesions are most commonly necessary if soft tissue deficits appear at the angle of the mandible below the earlobe as a major cosmetic deformity. This is a report of Z4 cases with a diagnosis of parotid tumor who were treated using various surgical procedures at Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital over the period of 4 years from January, 1983 to December, 1986. Among 24 cases, 11 cases were reconstructed by Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap at the same time that extirpative surgery is outlined. The advantage of Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap is the coverage of the facial nerve, so adhesion between the facial nerve and skin was prevented. Absorption and loss of bulk was not found such as dermofat graft. It was a simple method. Neither donor site defect nor sternocleidomastoid muscle deformity was developed. Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap have been found satisfactory in maintaining filled-out soft tissue hollows with good result cosmetically and functionally.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.182-182
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• 2003

Objectives : The methods to treat glottic incompetence include thyroplasty type I, arytenoid abduction, and intracordal injection using various materials. The intracordal injection is easy and simple and does not require skin incision. In general, the grafted cartilage shows a high survival rate, a low absorption rate and small voluminous change. The authors performed injection of minced autologous auricular cartilage and fat using a Bruning injector in unilateral vocal cord palsy We evaluate the effect and safety of autologous auricular cartilage intracordal injection. Study Design : Retrospective study. Methods : Auricular cartilage was obtained by incising tragus vertically and it was minced with a scalpel and #15 blade. About 2g of abdominal fat was obtained by small periumbrical incision and cut into small pieces. The minced cartilage was put into a 1$m\ell$ injector and then the injector was filled with fat. The operation was conducted under laryngeal microscope. Minced cartilage was injected into the vocalis muscle at the junction of the middle and posterior third of the vocal fold. In three cases, we performed autologous cartilage intracordal injection. Results : We observed no postoperative complications, such as dyspnea, granulation, inflammation, in any of the cases. The voice was improved compared with the voice prior to operation in all cases. Conclusion : Although the cases are still limited and the observation period is short, we suggest that the autologous cartilage using the auricular cartilage is the ideal and new effective augmentative material in vocal cord palsy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2008

Purpose: The performance of rhinoplasty on the patient who has already undergone unsatisfactory results or complications after augmentation rhinoplasty is a challenging surgical problem. Because the dead space is remained after removal of the foreign body and the thickness of the skin is not even, the deformity would be more conspicuous if the nose is reconstructed again with hard implant only or autogenous cartilage. In these cases, the autogenous fascia can be used to get a good result. We present our clinical experience of secondary rhinoplasty using Scarpa's fascia of lower abdomen. Methods: Thirty-two patients underwent the procedure from March of 2002 to February of 2007. Nine patients were reconstructed with Scarpa's fascia only, eighteen patients were reconstructed with silicone implant and fascia, and five patients were reconstructed with cartilage and fascia for secondary rhinoplasty. Results: There were no major complications. Most of the patients were satisfied with the results. The deviation of the silicone implant and postoperative hypertrophic scar of the donor site were seen in one case each. Postoperative absorption of fascia were seen in two cases using Scarpa's fascia only. Conclusion: Secondary rhinoplasty using Scarpa's fascia is very useful method which offers a minimized donor site scar, low complication rate, shorter operation time and patient satisfaction and prevents the alopecia caused by the harvest of temporalis fascia.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.493-505
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• 1993

Present experiments were undertaken in order to clarify the clinico-pathological characteristics of lead poisoning in goats. Twenty goats were divided into three experimental groups(A, B and C) and a control(D). The three experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10(A group), 200(B group) and $1,000(C group){\mu}g/g$ of lead for 70 days, respectively. The control group received normal diets. Hair samples collected one or two weeks interval were examed for the lead content. On day 70. all the animals were necropsied and various organs were examined pathoanatomically. In addition, various organs were analyzed for lead, zine, copper, iron and calcium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results were obtained ; The lead content of hair was significantly increased from the $42^{nd}$, $21^{st}$ or $14^{th}$ day in all the three groups, which showed significant correlation with lead content of liver and spleen. The lead content of various organs including kidney, liver, spleen, ileum, bone and abomasum were significantly increased in accordance with the lead contamination. The increase was most prominent in abomasal wall. The zinc and copper content of liver, brain, ileum, skin, kidney, lung or muscle were increased in B and C groups whereas the iron and calcium content showed no significant change. Pathoanatomically, degeneration or necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney, peripheral necrosis of liver, fundic gland necrosis of abomasum and cerebral edema were observed in B and C groups.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 2016

Fire fighters rely on fire fighter protective clothing (FFPC) to provide adequate protection in the various hazardous environments. To enhance its protection performance, the FFPC material must be thick and thus it is difficult to achieve weight reduction. One of the methods of overcoming this problem, the addition of phase change material (PCM) to FFPC, is a new technology. In previous studies, the researches was mostly related to the temperature characteristics of the fibers incorporating PCM, but little information is available about its effect on burn injuries. Thus, in this study, the inhibitory effects of adding PCM to FFPC on second degree burns were investigated through numerical calculations. Thermal analyses of biological tissues and FFPC with embedded PCM exposed to several fire conditions causing severe tissue damage were studied by using a finite difference method based on the Pennes bio-heat equation. FFPC with embedded PCM was found to provide significantly greater protection than conventional fire fighting clothing, because the heat of absorption due to the phase change within the material is used to limit the heat conduction of the material.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.39-45
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• 1974

According to previous paper, the hardness of semi-solid as ointments and suppositories causes the tough or skin, the pain and connected with absorption, the state of spread or the efficiency of drug. When the hardening agent or the softening agent is added to ointment whid, is registered on the pharmacopeia of the republic of Korea, the experimertal data by apparent logarithmic hardness are shown is Table 1. The results are as the folloring. 1) In case of the softening agent which is added to ointment base, each has shown two different equation with differnented slope as $K_1$ and $K_2$ value determined (Fig. 1,2). 2) When the hardening agent is added to same ointment base, these studies indicated that there is a direct correlation between $K_1$ and $K_2$. However, in case of softening agent $K_1$ and $K_1$ are not correlated as indicated in Fig. $3{\sim}8$. 3) On condition of same ointment base, the critical poit is proportional to $K_1$ 4) The second effect is at least $3{\sim}17$ times more. sensitive than the first effect or in average 8.3 times more sensitive, Therefore, the results presented in this paper. Suggest that, when the drug is added to a certain ointment base, it should be added within this first effect before the critical point is reached.